Impacted by viraemia resulting in higher than expected admissions

The purpose of this study is to determine if intravenous L-citrulline can abrogate an active vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell disease, resulting in decreased pain, reduction or elimination of opiate usage, and reduction or elimination of hospital admission. The applicant is developing intravenous L-citrulline (Turnobi™) for treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). The current development program targets treatment of sickle cell-associated vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) specifically. The aim of Part 1 is to identify the optimum dose regimens for the Part 2 of the trial which is a double-blind, placebo controlled adaptive 'pick-the-winner' design. This study will allow assignment of more subjects to the better treatment arm/s based on emerging data. The study, initially, will evaluate efficacy and tolerability of incremental doses of intravenous (IV) L-citrulline (Turnobi™) in patients with SCD while receiving standard of care therapy for VOC.

Overall Design:

This is a study in children, adolescents, and young adults (6 to 21 years) with SCD presenting to an emergency department (ED) with VOC. Children below age 6 are likely to be recruited in a subsequent phase, once proof of concept is established on optimized dose regimen. Eligible subjects will have documented SCD. Intravenous L citrulline (Turnobi™) or placebo will be administered in addition to standard of care VOC therapy to children, adolescents, and young adults presenting with SCD VOC - defined as painful episode without other apparent causes of pain and without significant organ dysfunction or signs of systemic infection.

This is a single center study, conducted in 2 parts:

Part 1: This is an open-label, ascending dose part of the study. After obtaining the informed consent/assent, the enrolled subjects will be in the ED for up to 7 hours where L-citrulline will be administered as depicted in the dosing panel below. Each dose will be administered sequentially until 5 subjects per dose cohort are accrued.

Dosing panels in Part 1:

25 mg/kg bolus + 9 mg/kg/hr infusion; 50 mg/kg bolus + 9 mg/kg/hr infusion; 100 mg/kg bolus + 9 mg/kg/hr infusion; 100 mg/kg bolus + 11 mg/kg/hr infusion;

After each panel of 5 have been dosed, response to a dose is determined by the Principal Investigator (PI) with the internal review committee based primarily on analgesic effects assessed by review of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, opioid dosing, and tolerability.

If the dose panel is assessed safe and 3 of 5 subjects in a cohort respond to the treatment, the current dose arm will continue to accrue a total of 10 subjects. If the dose panel is assessed as safe; however, fewer than 3 of the 5 subjects respond, the current dose arm will be stopped, and the subjects will be recruited to the next dosing panel.

Two additional panels of 5 to 10 subjects receiving doses outside these ranges may be accrued at the request of the internal review committee if determined necessary to achieve the study's objectives. As long as supported by emerging data, the subjects in these additional panels may receive a lower or higher bolus injection but no greater than 150 mg/kg bolus and/or a lower or higher infusion dose but no greater than 15 mg/kg/hour. Up to 60 subjects may be enrolled in Part 1 of the study with a likely sample size of approximately 40 subjects.

Part 1 of the study is intended to select up to 2 effective and tolerated dose regimens for Part 2 of the study.

Part 2: The optimal dose regimens (at least1 but probably 2) selected from Part 1 will be analyzed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled adaptive pick-the-winner design. This will allow assignment of more subjects to the better treatment arm/s based on emerging data. Efficacy will be based primarily on analgesic effect assessed by VAS/opioid dose composite, admission or not, and tolerability based on adverse drug reactions by the internal review committee.

A total of 60 subjects will take part in Part 2. Subjects will be randomized to 2 of the doses selected from Part 1 and placebo in a 1:1:1 ratio. After 30 subjects (10 per treatment arm) have been randomized, an interim analysis will be performed. If the higher dose is providing markedly more pain relief than the lower dose - with no safety issues - then the lower dose will be dropped. Otherwise, if efficacy and safety look similar, the lower dose will be retained, and the higher dose will be dropped. In other words, the most successful active treatment arm will be chosen for further study versus placebo. The internal review committee will be responsible for making this decision. Subsequently, 30 more patients will be randomized in a 1:1 fashion in the remaining 2 study arms (15 patients each). In the unlikely case that the placebo arm demonstrates superior response to both active treatment arms, the interval review committee will recommend discontinuing the study.

If after 30 subjects, it is determined by the internal review committee that 1 of the 2 doses is significantly more effective in subjects with particular characteristics, the less effective L-citrulline dose regimen can be dropped for those subjects, eg, if those with more severe VOC only respond to the higher dose but those with less severe VOC respond equally well to either dose, subjects with severe VOC will be adaptively allocated into a separate stratum and randomized only to the higher dose or placebo.

All subjects in both Part 1 and Part 2 will receive standard of care for analgesia per SCD pain management protocol consistent with the Children's national ED guidance guided individualized care plan irrespective of treatment with study treatment or placebo. The end of the study is defined as the date of the last visit of the last subject in the study or last scheduled procedure the last subject in the study.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Sickle cell disease (all genotypes)
2. Children, adolescents and young adults between ages 6 to 21 years
3. In a steady disease state and not in the midst of any acute complication other than VOC due to sickle cell disease at study entry
4. For female of childbearing potential, a negative urine pregnancy test and using an adequate method of contraception, or denies sexual activity
5. Subjects or parents or legal guardian of the subject who are willing and able to sign and provide consent and assent (where appropriate for the age of the child).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Current pain lasting >3 days

2. >6 hospital admissions in the prior year

3. History of opioid dependence/substance abuse

4. Has been on a clinical trial of a new therapy for sickle cell disease within the last 3 months

5. Presence of any other complication related to sickle cell disease such as splenic sequestration, hepatic sequestration, stroke, avascular necrosis of the hip/shoulder, acute priapism, renal dysfunction, dactylitis, acute chest syndrome and other major medical conditions or organ dysfunction

6. Severe anemia (hemoglobin <6 g/dL)

7. History of red blood cell transfusion within the last 30 days

8. Systemic steroid therapy within the last 48 hours

9. Pregnancy or lactation (subjects must have a negative urine pregnancy test)

10. Serum creatinine levels:

    1. Age 6 to 13 years >0.9 mg/dL
    2. Age 14 to 17 years >1.0 mg/dL
    3. Age >18 years >1.5 mg/dL

11. Report of fever (>38°C) within last 48 hours

12. Presence of acute chest syndrome, sepsis, bacterial infection, hemodynamic instability

13. Subjects with inability to have parental assent given (ages 6 to 17 years) or consent (ages 18 through 21 years).

    Note: Parents or legal guardians can provide consent for subjects who are unable to provide assent (eg, sleepy or preoccupied by their pain).

14. History of allergic reaction to L-citrulline product

15. Medications that are known to be contra-indicated with use of L-citrulline

16. History of diabetes.

17. Subjects with a baseline prothrombin time International Normalized ratio (INR) >2.0.

18. Received any blood products within 3 weeks of the screening visit.

19. Unreliable venous access

20. The PI considers that the subject will be unable to comply with the study requirements.

Double blind placebo controlled (Part 2)