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Background and Clinical Need:
Delirium is common at the end of life and is challenging to control. There is a clinical need to study the benefits of commonly used drugs like Haloperidol and Olanzapine in the management of hyperactive delirium in advanced cancer or end-stage organ disease patients in a scientifically robust manner.
Aims/Hypotheses:
The investigators aim to study the effectiveness of Haloperidol compared with Olanzapine in the management of hyperactive delirium in advanced cancer or end-stage organ disease patients receiving palliative care. The investigators hypothesise that Olanzapine is as effective as Haloperidol in the control of hyperactive delirium.
Methods:
The investigators will conduct a pragmatic, multi-centre, (hospital, inpatient hospice, community hospital) open-label randomised-controlled trial comparing the use of Haloperidol versus Olanzapine in advanced cancer or end-stage organ disease patients with hyperactive delirium.
The primary outcome is the change in Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) scores among patients in each treatment group at 8 hours post-drug administration.
The secondary outcome is the control of hyperactive delirium at 24, 48 and 72 hours using either Haloperidol or Olanzapine.
The mean doses of Haloperidol and Olanzapine used as well as the volume of rescue Midazolam required as well as side-effects of the study medications, survival after enrolment into study will also be studied.
Significance to palliative care The results of this study will advance the knowledge of delirium management worldwide with regards to the efficacy of Haloperidol and Olanzapine in managing hyperactive delirium in patients with advanced cancer or end-stage organ disease.
Haloperidol is used traditionally in palliative care for managing delirium. However, as a conventional anti-psychotic, it does cause extra-pyramidal side-effects. Olanzapine, a newer atypical anti-psychotic with a more favourable side-effect profile is being used increasingly in the control of delirium. These 2 commonly used drugs have never been compared head to head in a randomised-controlled, multi-centre study.
(A) Background & Clinical Need
Delirium is commonly encountered in palliative care with a prevalence of between 26-74% and rising to as high as 88% nearer the end of life (2). It negatively impacts patient care and leads to greater morbidity and mortality (3). There are 3 sub-types of delirium - hyperactive, mixed and hypoactive (4) with majority of well-designed studies in palliative care focusing on the management of delirium as a whole (5). However, recently published literature suggests that these delirium subtypes appear to have different trajectories and are also generally treated differently (6).
Overall, the management of delirium in palliative care remains controversial. Agar had shown in a randomised controlled trial that supportive care may be superior to the use of anti-psychotics, even though the patients in Agar's study were only 'mildly' delirious and the overall doses of anti-psychotics used was lower than compared to common practice (9). Other studies have shown the benefits of anti-psychotics like haloperidol, olanzapine and aripiprazole in the management of delirium (10,11).
Hui et al was the only study which looked at the management of hyperactive delirium in the palliative care setting (7). Patients with hyperactive delirium exhibit restlessness, agitation and even aggression towards their loved ones and to healthcare providers caring for them (8).
To date, there have not been any multi-centre, randomised-controlled trial which has addressed the effectiveness of oral Haloperidol vs Olanzapine in the management of hyperactive delirium in the palliative care setting.
(B) Specific Aims
The investigators aim to study the effectiveness of Olanzapine vs Haloperidol in the management of hyperactive delirium in patients with advanced cancer or end-stage organ disease in 3 different settings.
The primary outcome is the change in Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) scores among patients in each treatment group at 8 hours after the administration of Haloperidol or Olanzapine as measured using the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS).
The secondary outcome is the change in Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) score at 24, 48 and 72 hours with the use of either Haloperidol or Olanzapine required.
The mean doses of Haloperidol and Olanzapine used as well as the doses of rescue Midazolam required as well as side-effects of the study medications, survival after enrolment into study will also be studied.
(C) Methods
Study Design
The investigators aim to conduct a multi-centre, randomised-controlled, open-label trial (Acute Hospital Palliative Care Unit, Palliative Care Unit in Community Hospital and Inpatient Hospice) comparing the use of haloperidol vs olanzapine in a 1:1 ratio in advanced cancer or end-stage organ disease patients with hyperactive delirium. Patients will be followed up for 3 days (72 hours) with regards to the response to study medications as well as other factors and outcomes as described below. Mortality data will also be collected.
The study will be conducted in 3 different Palliative Care Centres in Singapore - 1. Tan Tock Seng Hospital Acute Palliative Care Unit, 2. Palliative Care Unit in St Andrews' Community Hospital and 3. Dover Park Hospice. This is to increase the pragmatic applicability and external validity in this study to different palliative care units in Singapore and internationally.
Informed consent will be taken from the patient's legal representative according to the HBR Act as the patients recruited will be delirious and therefore will not able to provide informed consent adequately.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Haloperidol Arm | Active Comparator | Haldol 2mg/ml oral solution |
|
| Olanzapine Arm | Active Comparator | Olanzapine Actavis 5mg orodispersible tablet |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haldol 2mg/ml oral solution | Drug | Starting dose: 1mg Maximum Dose within 24 hours: 6mg Doses can be escalated every 2 hourly to the maximum doses allowed within 24 hours. If maximum dose of Haloperidol has been reached for the day (within 24 hours), rescue dose of Midazolam 2mg can be used (2mg Q2H PRN). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) score | The change in Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) score 8 hours after administration of either Haloperidol and Olanzapine. Minimum value is -5 which represents that the patient is in hypoactive delirium and is unarousable and maximum value is +4 with the higher score representing that the patient is in hyperactive delirium and is combative. The aim of the study is to reduce the hyperactive delirium to a score of 0 which represents patient is alert and calm. | 8 hours |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Comparing Patient and Family's concurrence on state of delirium with of the Diagnosis of Delirium from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for delirium. | There have not been any studies that looked at interviewing patients who are delirious about their acknowledgement and concurrence of their state of delirium. The investigators aim to interview patients by asking the patient 'Did you feel confused' and caregivers similarly by asking 'Do you feel that your loved one is Confused' as shown as an example below and compare this to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for delirium. Please ask the Patient the following question "Do you feel that you are confused?"
1) Yes/Sometimes 2) No 3) Not sure/ Unable to answer |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Patients with advanced cancer or end-stage organ disease
Age ≥ 21 years old
Fulfil All Three Diagnosis of Delirium:
Able to consume medications orally
Prognosis > 48 hrs (Clinician Estimate)
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mervyn Koh | Contact | +6597678996 | mervyn_koh@ttsh.com.sg | |
| Allyn Hum | Contact | +6581263205 | allyn_hum@ttsh.com.sg |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mervyn Koh | Tan Tock Seng Hospital | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tan Tock Seng Hospital | Recruiting | Singapore | 308433 | Singapore |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22988044 | Background | Hosie A, Davidson PM, Agar M, Sanderson CR, Phillips J. Delirium prevalence, incidence, and implications for screening in specialist palliative care inpatient settings: a systematic review. Palliat Med. 2013 Jun;27(6):486-98. doi: 10.1177/0269216312457214. Epub 2012 Sep 17. | |
| 31184538 | Background | Watt CL, Momoli F, Ansari MT, Sikora L, Bush SH, Hosie A, Kabir M, Rosenberg E, Kanji S, Lawlor PG. The incidence and prevalence of delirium across palliative care settings: A systematic review. Palliat Med. 2019 Sep;33(8):865-877. doi: 10.1177/0269216319854944. Epub 2019 Jun 11. |
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There are no plans to make individual participant data available to other researchers.
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The study statistician will be blinded to the treatment allocation and outcome assessments (for example, Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale).
|
| Olanzapine Actavis 5mg orodispersible tablet | Drug | Starting dose: 2.5mg Maximum Dose within 24 hours: 15mg Doses can be escalated every 2 hourly to the maximum doses allowed within 24 hours. If maximum dose of Olanzapine has been reached for the day (within 24 hours), rescue dose of Midazolam 2mg can be used (2mg Q2H PRN). |
|
| 72 hours |
| Mean dose used of Haloperidol and Olanzapine | Mean doses of Haloperidol and Olanzapine used at 8hours / D1 / D2 / D3 from the first time-point that the study medication is administered to the patients | 72 hours |
| Mean Time to control of Hyperactive Delirium | Mean Time to control of Hyperactive Delirium | 72 hours |
| Rescue Psychotropic (Mean Doses): Midazolam | Rescue Psychotropic (Mean Doses): Midazolam | 72 hours |
| Side-effects of Study Medications | Side-effects of Study Medications | 72 hours |
| Survival time in days | Survival time in days | 72 hours |
| Edmonton Symptom Assessment Score revised (ESAS-r) | Edmonton Symptom Assessment Score revised (ESAS-r) - At the point of recruitment Minimum value for the scale is 0 and maximum value for the scale is 10 with the higher value representing worse outcome. | 1 hour |
| Memorial Delirium Assessment Score (MDAS) | Memorial Delirium Assessment Score (MDAS) - At the point of recruitment and after 72 hours It is a scale comprising of 10 items with scores of 0-3 for each question. Add up the score for all 10 questions and scores with more than or equal to 13 point indicates delirium. | 72 hours |
| Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) score | Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) score: 8hours / 24hours (Day 1) / 48 hours (Day 2) / 72 hours (Day 3) Minimum value is -5 which represents that the patient is in hypoactive delirium and is unarousable and maximum value is +4 with the higher score representing that the patient is in hyperactive delirium and is combative. The aim of the study is to reduce the hyperactive delirium to a score of 0 which represents patient is alert and calm. | 72 hours |
| Caregiver and Nurses Perception on the control of hyperactive delirium | Caregiver and Nurses Perception on the control of hyperactive delirium (5-point Likert Scale). Kindly refer to the example of the question below. The patient is less agitated as compared to 72 hours ago? (Clinician/Nurse):
The patient is less agitated as compared to 72 hours ago? (Family/Caregiver):
| 72 hours |
| Dover Park Hospice | Recruiting | Singapore | 308436 | Singapore |
|
| St. Andrew's Community Hospital | Recruiting | Singapore | 529895 | Singapore |
|
| 31395002 | Background | Hui D. Delirium in the palliative care setting: "Sorting" out the confusion. Palliat Med. 2019 Sep;33(8):863-864. doi: 10.1177/0269216319861896. No abstract available. |
| 16540616 | Background | Inouye SK. Delirium in older persons. N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 16;354(11):1157-65. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra052321. No abstract available. |
| 31490322 | Background | Skelton L, Guo P. Evaluating the effects of the pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions to manage delirium symptoms in palliative care patients: systematic review. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2019 Dec;13(4):384-391. doi: 10.1097/SPC.0000000000000458. |
| 31506133 | Background | Zipser CM, Knoepfel S, Hayoz P, Schubert M, Ernst J, von Kanel R, Boettger S. Clinical management of delirium: The response depends on the subtypes. An observational cohort study in 602 patients. Palliat Support Care. 2020 Feb;18(1):4-11. doi: 10.1017/S1478951519000609. |
| 28975307 | Background | Hui D, Frisbee-Hume S, Wilson A, Dibaj SS, Nguyen T, De La Cruz M, Walker P, Zhukovsky DS, Delgado-Guay M, Vidal M, Epner D, Reddy A, Tanco K, Williams J, Hall S, Liu D, Hess K, Amin S, Breitbart W, Bruera E. Effect of Lorazepam With Haloperidol vs Haloperidol Alone on Agitated Delirium in Patients With Advanced Cancer Receiving Palliative Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Sep 19;318(11):1047-1056. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.11468. |
| 19109118 | Background | Breitbart W, Alici Y. Agitation and delirium at the end of life: "We couldn't manage him". JAMA. 2008 Dec 24;300(24):2898-910, E1. doi: 10.1001/jama.2008.885. |
| 27918778 | Background | Agar MR, Lawlor PG, Quinn S, Draper B, Caplan GA, Rowett D, Sanderson C, Hardy J, Le B, Eckermann S, McCaffrey N, Devilee L, Fazekas B, Hill M, Currow DC. Efficacy of Oral Risperidone, Haloperidol, or Placebo for Symptoms of Delirium Among Patients in Palliative Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017 Jan 1;177(1):34-42. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7491. |
| 21563866 | Background | Boettger S, Friedlander M, Breitbart W, Passik S. Aripiprazole and haloperidol in the treatment of delirium. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011 Jun;45(6):477-82. doi: 10.3109/00048674.2011.543411. |
| Background | Lin CJ, Sun FJ, Fang CK. An open trial comparing haloperidol with olanzapine for the treatment of delirium in palliative and hospice center cancer patients. J Internal Med Taiwan 2008; 19:346-354. |
| 24684942 | Background | Bush SH, Grassau PA, Yarmo MN, Zhang T, Zinkie SJ, Pereira JL. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale modified for palliative care inpatients (RASS-PAL): a pilot study exploring validity and feasibility in clinical practice. BMC Palliat Care. 2014 Mar 31;13(1):17. doi: 10.1186/1472-684X-13-17. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006220 | Haloperidol |
| D012996 | Solutions |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002090 | Butyrophenones |
| D007659 | Ketones |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D004364 | Pharmaceutical Preparations |
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