The investigators conducted a single institutional, retrospective cohort study to demonstrate the appropriate treatment strategy of upfront intracranial radiotherapy or upfront targeted therapy in patients with brain metastases, including an assessment of its feasibility and toxicity.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Had histologically proven primary cancer.
• Had newly diagnosed brain metastases in contrast-enhanced MRI.
• Brain metastases focus should be measurable.
• All the patients should safely receive radiotherapy and/or systematic tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
• Karnofsky performance score (KPS) ≥60 or KPS ≥40, but only caused by brain metastases.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with prior intracranial local treatments, such as surgery and radiotherapy without dose prescription in detail
• Patients with leptomeningeal metastases at first diagnosis.
• Had synchronous or metachronous malignancies that might affect survival.
• Had severe systemic diseases, abnormal conditions that might lead to incoordinate behavior during the implementation of clinical measures.
• Had incomplete sociodemographic and/or clinicopathologic baseline data

Patients who underwent hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy planning at our institution from October 2010 to October 2020