Psychiatric hospitalization is a critical opportunity to provide treatment to reduce the risk of suicide and lay the groundwork for functional recovery. In fact, the period following psychiatric hospitalization presents the greatest risk of death by suicide for Veterans. Despite psychiatric hospitalization being a vital time for intervention, there are no suicide-specific evidence-based psychotherapies (EBPs) that can be feasibly delivered during a typical VHA inpatient stay. Importantly, suicide-specific inpatient interventions are primarily focused on reducing the reoccurrence of suicidal behavior and have limited or no focus on directly targeting other aspects of functional recovery. Preventing suicide during a crisis is only a short-term solution if we fail to assist patients in building a life they deem worth living.

The investigators' research over the past several years has been focused on addressing this gap and overcoming barriers to implementing psychosocial interventions in an inpatient setting. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a psychosocial intervention well suited to both preventing suicide and enhancing functioning, but the investigators were not aware of any ACT-based treatment protocols designed to specifically target suicide risk. The investigators consulted with leading ACT clinicians and researchers to develop and manualize "ACT for Life", a brief, transdiagnostic, recovery-oriented, inpatient, intervention for Veterans hospitalized due to suicide risk. The individual intervention involves 3 to 6 inpatient sessions and 1 to 4 outpatient sessions focused on skills generalization and treatment engagement. The investigators conducted a randomized controlled pilot study evaluating the acceptability of ACT for Life and the feasibility of the planned design for the proposed randomized controlled efficacy trial. Results of this rigorous pilot study support the acceptability and feasibility of ACT for Life. Nearly all Veterans reported that they believed they benefitted from ACT for Life. Preliminary outcomes suggest that ACT for Life may improve functioning and reduce suicidal behavior following hospitalization due to suicide risk. However, a full-scale clinical trial will be necessary to definitively evaluate the efficacy of ACT for Life. To accomplish this goal, the investigators are proposing to conduct a randomized controlled trial of ACT for Life versus Present Centered Therapy in 278 Veterans hospitalized for suicide risk to examine outcomes of suicidal behavior and changes in functioning over a one-year period following psychiatric hospitalization. The specific aims of this study are to determine the efficacy of ACT for Life for preventing suicidal behavior and maximizing functional recovery, and to examine candidate ACT for Life treatment mechanisms. Participants will complete assessments prior to treatment, before discharge from the inpatient unit, and at one-, three-, six-, and twelve-months following discharge. The proposed randomized controlled trial of ACT for Life has the potential to fill the VHA's need for empirically-supported inpatient interventions that can be delivered during a typical inpatient stay, are recovery oriented, and prevent future suicidal behavior.

Veterans are most likely to die by suicide in the week following discharge from acute psychiatric care. Brief, recovery-oriented, empirically-supported, inpatient interventions are needed given the unfortunate reality that Veterans at the greatest risk for suicide may not follow up with outpatient treatment. To effectively intervene on the many pathways to suicide, VHA will need to utilize brief inpatient psychosocial treatments that are suicide-specific and transdiagnostic. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is an evidence-based treatment approach ideally suited for utilization among Veterans at high risk for suicide because it simultaneously targets processes to reduce risk (e.g., distress tolerance) and to increase protective factors (e.g., engage patients in building a life they value). The ACT clinician does not focus on symptom reduction, but instead directly targets functional recovery by assisting patients in identifying and engaging in values-consistent behaviors even in the presence of aversive thoughts, emotions, or sensations. Furthermore, ACT is suitable for extremely brief interventions. ACT clinicians employ experiential exercises and metaphors that facilitate rapid new learning, and overcome many of the limitations of more verbally intensive, didactic approaches to therapy. Research studies in non-Veteran-specific populations indicate that as few as three ACT contact hours are associated with approximately 50% reductions in rehospitalization among patients with psychosis. The extant literature and qualities inherent to ACT strongly suggest that ACT could be effective for improving the functioning of Veterans at risk of suicide and in-turn preventing suicidal behavior; but these assumptions have yet to be empirically tested. To address this gap and overcome barriers to delivering targeted psychological interventions for suicide in a psychiatric inpatient setting, the investigators have developed and manualized a brief, transdiagnostic, recovery-oriented, suicide-specific, ACT intervention for Veterans hospitalized due to suicide risk, "ACT for Life". With the support of a Rehabilitation Research and Development (RR&D) Small Projects in Rehabilitation Research (SPiRE) grant the investigators conducted a randomized controlled acceptability and feasibility trial (N = 70), which demonstrated the acceptability of ACT for Life to Veterans hospitalized due to suicide risk. Data also support the feasibility of the proposed design for a full-scale randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of ACT for Life for maximizing functioning after a suicidal crisis and preventing future suicidal behavior. Using a multisite, two arm, randomized controlled design (ACT for Life + Treatment as Usual [ACT] vs. Present Centered Therapy + Treatment as Usual [PCT]) with 278 participants, and assessments at pre-treatment, pre-inpatient-discharge, and one-, three-, six-, and 12-months post-inpatient-discharge, the investigators will:

Primary Aim: Determine the efficacy of ACT for Life for preventing suicidal behavior and maximizing functional recovery. Primary Hypothesis 1 is that ACT participants will be significantly less likely to engage in suicidal behavior (i.e., suicide or actual, aborted, or interrupted suicide attempts as assessed by the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale and medical record review) compared to PCT participants during the 12-months following psychiatric hospitalization. Primary Hypothesis 2 is that ACT participants will report significantly greater improvements in functioning on the Outcome Questionnaire 45.2 (OQ-45) compared to PCT participants at one-month post-discharge from psychiatric hospitalization.

Secondary Aims will examine onset and maintenance of treatment gains. Secondary Aim 1: Determine the efficacy of ACT for Life for preventing suicidal behavior at three- and six -months following discharge from psychiatric inpatient care. Secondary Hypotheses 1a and 1b are that ACT participants will be significantly less likely to have engaged in suicidal behavior compared to PCT participants at (a) three- and (b) six-months following discharge from psychiatric inpatient care. Secondary Aim 2: Determine the efficacy of ACT for Life for improving functioning at three-, six-, and 12-months following discharge from psychiatric inpatient care. Secondary Hypothesis 2a, 2b, and 2c are that compared to PCT participants, ACT participants will report significantly greater improvements in functioning relative to pre-treatment on the OQ-45 (a) three-, (b) six-, and (c) 12-months following discharge from psychiatric inpatient care.

Exploratory Aim: Examine candidate ACT for Life treatment mechanisms. Exploratory Hypotheses 1 and 2 are that ACT participants will show (1) greater increases from pre-treatment in psychological flexibility than PCT participants and that (2) compared to PCT participants, a greater proportion of ACT participants will engage in outpatient mental health treatment in the month following discharge from inpatient care.

The proposed RCT of ACT for Life has the potential to fill VHA's critical need for evidence-based psychotherapies that can be delivered during a typical inpatient stay, are recovery oriented, and prevent future suicidal behavior.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Eligible for VHA care
• Currently hospitalized due to suicide risk
• Willing to be randomized and participate in either of the two conditions

Exclusion Criteria:

• Inability to provide informed consent (operationalized as inability to answer 7 questions about the study and research participants' rights)
• Inability to complete study measures or participate in treatment [based on referring clinician and study staff's judgment (e.g., due to lack of time, significant acute intoxication/withdrawal symptoms, mania, psychosis, aggression, catatonia, cognitive impairment)]
• Participation in another interventional research study
• Membership in vulnerable population (e.g., prisoner, pregnant woman)

A final Limited Data Set will be made available, in accordance with VA policy and regulations and per compliance with current IRB and VA R&D approvals in place for this project. A study-specific DUA will be required. Data requests must be made in writing. Requests for access to data obtained from this project will be considered and responded to. Data will be provided electronically, only with a DUA in place, and per VA regulations for transferring data.

After conclusion of the study and dissemination of primary and exploratory results and/or in accordance with VA policy and regulations

Everyone except for the biostatistician will be blind to condition until randomization at the end of the pre-treatment assessment session. Outcome assessors will remain blind to condition for the duration of the study.