We did not enroll subjects. If we want, we will open this again at a later date.

Although the notions that kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease and that simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplant is the only treatment able to restore euglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes and selected patients with type 2 diabetes, are now consolidated, rates of transplantation remain low among potential candidates with high levels of preformed anti-HLA antibodies. Most of the data comes from the experience in kidney transplant but can be easily translated to pancreas transplant.

Approximately 30% of patients on the transplant waiting list have evidence of sensitization in the form of alloantibodies, generated from exposure to previous transplants, blood transfusions, pregnancy, or other events. The presence of a panel-reactive antibody level of at least 80% (i.e. a high level of sensitization) creates difficulty in finding matched kidneys from compatible donors, leading to lower rates of transplantation in highly sensitized candidates compared to non-sensitized; the longer waiting times translates in an increased mortality rate. Despite the development of desensitization strategies and the advancement in immunosuppression protocols, it is apparent that transplanting these patients carries an increased risk of acute antibody mediated rejection; 25%-50% of transplants will have an early acute antibody mediated rejection . Most of these rejections can be successfully treated, but a high rate of transplant glomerulopathy and chronic antibody mediated rejection (AMR) leading to accelerated allograft failure is common.

Although the notions that kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease and that simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplant is the only treatment able to restore euglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes and selected patients with type 2 diabetes, are now consolidated, rates of transplantation remain low among potential candidates with high levels of preformed anti-HLA antibodies. Most of the data comes from the experience in kidney transplant but can be easily translated to pancreas transplant.

Approximately 30% of patients on the transplant waiting list have evidence of sensitization in the form of alloantibodies, generated from exposure to previous transplants, blood transfusions, pregnancy, or other events. The presence of a panel-reactive antibody level of at least 80% (i.e. a high level of sensitization) creates difficulty in finding matched kidneys from compatible donors, leading to lower rates of transplantation in highly sensitized candidates compared to non-sensitized; the longer waiting times translates in an increased mortality rate. Despite the development of desensitization strategies and the advancement in immunosuppression protocols, it is apparent that transplanting these patients carries an increased risk of acute antibody mediated rejection; 25%-50% of transplants will have an early acute antibody mediated rejection . Most of these rejections can be successfully treated, but a high rate of transplant glomerulopathy and chronic antibody mediated rejection (AMR) leading to accelerated allograft failure is common.

This protocol has been designed to demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of spleen transplant as a desensitization strategy for highly sensitized patients, potential candidates of kidney or simultaneous kidney pancreas transplant with (positive cross-match by flow cytometry (T or B) or B positive standard cross-match). After obtaining surgical and research consent at a pre-transplant clinic visit, patients will be receiving spleen transplant followed by spleen removal and kidney or simultaneous kidney pancreas transplant. Duration of the subject participation will begin upon consent and will last for one year after the surgery.

Incidence of treated acute rejection (humoral or cellulo-mediated) within the first year (defined as biopsy proven or clinically indicated) will be determined. Graft and patient survival will be monitored and compared with a cohort of highly sensitized patients with similar immunological characteristics, treated with our standard protocol. DSA levels and post-transplant cross-match will be determined.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Subjects must give written informed consent, and
• Subject is ≥ 18 years of age, and
• Subject is eligible for a kidney or simulateous kidney pancreas transplant, and
• Subjects are highly sensitized (cPRA 98-100%), and
• Subjects have a positive T flow crossmatch

Exclusion Criteria:

• Severe cardiac disease not amenable to intervention
• Clinical significant systemic infection within 30 days prior to transplant
• Life expectancy < 1 Year
• Positive pregnancy test performed < 1 week prior to enrollment or intention to plan a pregnancy in the following year
• Current drug or alcohol abuse
• Uncontrolled, severe psychiatric illness
• Combined transplantation of kidney and other organs

No sharing of IPD will be included at this time. We do plan to report our final results after deidentification.