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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan | OTHER_GOV |
| Chang Gung University | OTHER |
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Hypoxic exposure increases right ventricular (RV) afterload by triggering pulmonary hypertension, with consequent effects on the structure and function of the RV. Improved myocardial contractility is a critical circulatory adaptation to exercise training. However, the types of exercise that enhance right cardiac mechanics during hypoxic stress have not yet been identified. This study investigated how high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) influence right cardiac mechanics during hypoxic exercise (HE).
Hypoxic exposure increases right ventricular (RV) afterload by triggering pulmonary hypertension, with consequent effects on the structure and function of the RV. Improved myocardial contractility is a critical circulatory adaptation to exercise training. However, the types of exercise that enhance right cardiac mechanics during hypoxic stress have not yet been identified. This study investigated how high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) influence right cardiac mechanics during hypoxic exercise (HE).
The young and healthy sedentary males were randomly selected to engage in either HIIT (3-min intervals at 40% and 80% of VO2 oxygen uptake reserve) or MICT (sustained 60% of VO2 oxygen uptake reserve) for 30 min/day and 5 days/week for 6 weeks or were included in a control group (CTL) that did not engage in any exercise. Right cardiac mechanics during semiupright bicycle exercise tests under hypoxic conditions (i.e., 50 watts under 12% FiO2 for 3 min) were measured using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. The primary outcome was the change in right cardiac mechanics during semiupright bicycle exercise under hypoxic conditions (i.e., 50 watts under 12% FiO2 for 3 min) as measured by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| High intensity-interval training (HIIT) | Experimental | Subjects performed HIIT (3-min intervals at 40% and 80%VO2peak) on a bicycle ergometer for 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. |
|
| Ｍoderate intensity-continuous (MCT) | Experimental | Subjects performed MICT (sustained 60%VO 2max) on a bicycle ergometer for 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. |
|
| Control group | No Intervention | Without any exercise training |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High intensity-interval training (HIIT) | Behavioral | Subjects performed HIIT (3-min intervals at 40% and 80%VO2peak) on a bicycle ergometer for 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The changes of right cardiac mechanics during hypoxia stress echocardiography: Strain |
| 8 weeks |
| The changes of right cardiac mechanics during hypoxia stress echocardiography: Strain rate |
| 8 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiopulmonary fitness | To assess cardiopulmonary fitness, cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a cycle ergometer was performed 4 days before and after the intervention. All subjects underwent exercise with a mask to measured oxygen consumption (VO2) breath by breath using a computer-based system (Master Screen CPX, Cardinal-health Germany). | 8 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Jong-Shyan Wang, PhD | Chang Gung Memorial Hospital | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang Gung University | Taoyuan | 333 | Taiwan |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23666792 | Background | Wang Z, Chesler NC. Pulmonary vascular mechanics: important contributors to the increased right ventricular afterload of pulmonary hypertension. Exp Physiol. 2013 Aug;98(8):1267-73. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.069096. Epub 2013 May 10. | |
| 29775415 | Background | Jaijee S, Quinlan M, Tokarczuk P, Clemence M, Howard LSGE, Gibbs JSR, O'Regan DP. Exercise cardiac MRI unmasks right ventricular dysfunction in acute hypoxia and chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2018 Oct 1;315(4):H950-H957. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00146.2018. Epub 2018 May 18. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000072696 | High-Intensity Interval Training |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D064797 | Physical Conditioning, Human |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
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| Moderate intensity-continuous (MICT) | Behavioral | Subjects performed MICT (sustained 60%VO 2max) on a bicycle ergometer for 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. |
|
| The cavity diameters of RV | RV basal cavity diameter (RVD1), mid-cavity diameter (RVD2), and RV longitudinal diameter (RVD3), at end-diastole and end-systole, were evaluated in the modified apical four-chamber view. | 8 weeks |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) | Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was calculated using the formula PVR = ([tricuspid regurgitation velocity/RVOT VTI] × 10 + 0.16)
| 8 weeks |
| RV diastolic function | Doppler imaging was used to measure peak tricuspid annular (E') and flow velocities (E) in early diastole. | 8 weeks |
| Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) | Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) measures the longitudinal excursion of the tricuspid annulus in one dimension, which was measured by M-mode. | 8 weeks |
| 30829901 | Background | Huang YC, Tsai HH, Fu TC, Hsu CC, Wang JS. High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Left Ventricular Contractile Function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019 Jul;51(7):1420-1428. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001931. |
| 28957537 | Background | Naeije R, Badagliacca R. The overloaded right heart and ventricular interdependence. Cardiovasc Res. 2017 Oct 1;113(12):1474-1485. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvx160. |
| 22197120 | Background | Fu TC, Wang CH, Lin PS, Hsu CC, Cherng WJ, Huang SC, Liu MH, Chiang CL, Wang JS. Aerobic interval training improves oxygen uptake efficiency by enhancing cerebral and muscular hemodynamics in patients with heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Jul 15;167(1):41-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.086. Epub 2011 Dec 22. |
| D009142 |
| Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |