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Uptake of vaccination against COVID-19 is key to controlling the pandemic. However, a significant proportion of people report that they do not intend to have a vaccine, often because of concerns they have about its side effects or safety. It is important to identify ways to communicate information about the vaccines that facilitate informed decisions rather than promoting uptake through coercion. This study will assess whether theory-based messages can change beliefs and increase intentions to receive a COVID-19 vaccine in Scotland. The messages will be based on publicly available information about the need for COVID-19 vaccination and the safety of the vaccines, and structured to address specific types of treatment beliefs. Participants will be randomised to either a group shown the messages or a control group shown general information messages about the COVID-19 virus and vaccination programme. By comparing the two groups we aim to test what impact the theory-based messages have on intentions and beliefs about COVID-19 vaccination.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Theory-based messages | Experimental | Theory-based health messages about COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination, the necessity of COVID-19 vaccination to oneself and others, and COVID-19 vaccine regulatory approval processes. These messages are based on publicly available information and are hypothesised to increase perceived necessity and reduce concerns about vaccination, and target known barriers to vaccine uptake. |
|
| General messages | Active Comparator | General messages about the COVID-19 virus and the vaccination programme. These messages do not target necessity and concerns, but are anticipated to promote understanding of the pandemic. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Theory-based messages | Behavioral | COVID-19 vaccination information structured to address vaccination necessity and concerns. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Covid-19 vaccination intention measured by a single item and aggregated as the proportion of intenders. | Participants will be asked: "If you were invited to have a COVID-19 vaccination would you take the vaccine?" Those responding "yes, probably" or "yes, definitely" will be treated as intenders. Those responding "don't know", "probably not" or "definitely not" will be treated as non-intenders. | Immediately post-intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Mean COVID-19 illness coherence score as assessed by the IPQ-R | Self-reported COVID-19 illness coherence as assessed by the the illness coherence subscale of the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R), with a minimum score of 5, a maximum score of 25 and a higher score representing greater personal understanding of COVID-19. | Immediately post-intervention |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Katie Robb | University of Glasgow | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Glasgow | Glasgow | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33926540 | Derived | Young B, Kotzur M, Gatting L, Bonner C, Ayre J, McConnachie A, Batcup C, McCaffery K, O'Carroll R, Robb KA. The impact of theory-based messages on COVID-19 vaccination intentions: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 29;22(1):311. doi: 10.1186/s13063-021-05277-7. |
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Anonymised individual level study data will be shared via the University of Glasgow's repository Enlighten: Research Data.
On publication of the study results for a period of ten years.
Data will be made publicly available.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000086382 | COVID-19 |
| D000088823 | Vaccination Hesitancy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011024 | Pneumonia, Viral |
| D011014 | Pneumonia |
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| D007239 | Infections |
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Participants will not be blinded to the assigned intervention but will not be informed of the purpose of the study until they have completed the follow-up survey, at which point they will be debriefed. Investigators will be blinded to allocation because all procedures will be undertaken digitally and remotely without any investigator contact with participants.
| General messages | Behavioral | General messages about the COVID-19 virus and the vaccination programme. |
|
| Mean perceived necessity score as assessed by the BMQ | Self-reported perceived necessity of a COVID-19 vaccine as assessed by the Specific-Necessity subscale of the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), with a minimum score of 5, a maximum score of 25 and a higher score representing greater perceived necessity of a COVID-19 vaccine. | Immediately post-intervention |
| Mean perceived concerns score as assessed by the BMQ | Self-reported perceived concerns about a COVID-19 vaccine as assessed by the Specific-Concerns subscale of the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), with a minimum score of 5, a maximum score of 25 and a higher score representing greater perceived concerns about a COVID-19 vaccine. | Immediately post-intervention |
| D014777 |
| Virus Diseases |
| D018352 | Coronavirus Infections |
| D003333 | Coronaviridae Infections |
| D030341 | Nidovirales Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D000072758 | Vaccination Refusal |
| D016312 | Treatment Refusal |
| D000074822 | Treatment Adherence and Compliance |
| D015438 | Health Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |