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This trial aims to determine the effects and mechanisms (mediators and moderators) of brief training in mindfulness meditation versus clinical hypnosis on acute, experimental pain.
Participants (N=200 with complete data) will be healthy undergraduate students or community-based individuals. An experimental, randomised trial will be implemented, with participants randomly assigned to either five daily, 20-minute mindfulness meditation sessions or clinical hypnosis sessions. Repeated measures and experimental pain manipulation will be implemented. Aim 1 is to examine the effects of these two treatments on experimental pain outcomes. Aim 2 is to examine the moderators of these effects. Aim 3 is to determine the mediators underlying improved experimental pain outcomes. Results will refine theory and will inform the future streamlining of treatments to target those mechanisms shown to be of most critical importance.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness Meditation | Experimental | Participants in this arm will complete five, 20-minute mindfulness meditation sessions delivered over consecutive days. |
|
| Clinical Hypnosis | Active Comparator | Participants in this arm will complete five, 20-minute clinical hypnosis sessions delivered over consecutive days. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness meditation | Behavioral | Participants in the mindfulness meditation condition will practice a breath and body focused meditation. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain unpleasantness | Numerical rating scale in response to exposure to a cold pressor task. | Change from Experimental Session 1 (Day 1) to Experimental Session 5 (Day 5) |
| Pain intensity | Numerical rating scale in response to exposure to a cold pressor task. | Change from Experimental Session 1 (Day 1) to Experimental Session 5 (Day 5) |
| Pain tolerance | How long (in seconds) participants tolerate the cold pressor task with the time starting at the point of immersion and stopping when the hand, wrist and forearm were withdrawn from the refrigerated water. | Change from Experimental Session 1 (Day 1) to Experimental Session 5 (Day 5) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Physiological response to pain stimulus | Heart rate data | Change from Experimental Session 1 (Day 1) to Experimental Session 5 (Day 5) |
| Mechanism: Attention Network Task | A computer based task that has been developed to allow assessment of the functioning of the three major attentional networks; alerting, orienting, and executive attention. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
These exclusion criteria are standard when using a cold pressor task in a healthy undergraduate population and ensure safe procedures to mitigate any potential risks.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The University of Queensland | Brisbane | Queensland | 4072 | Australia |
We will make available to interested researchers a data file containing the de-identified data used for each published article at the time that the article is accepted for publication. The data will be de-identified to remove any variables from which it would be possible to identify any individual participants. Specifically, we will create a data file that includes all of the variables used in any published article and a list of the variables in the data file (along with their variable labels) and email to investigators who request the data a copy of: (1) the published article (which will describe the source of the data); (2) the variable list/variable labels; and (3) a copy of the data set (as an SPSS.sav file).
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D059787 | Acute Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D064866 | Mindfulness |
| D006990 | Hypnosis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015928 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
| D001521 | Behavior Therapy |
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
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Single-blind, two-arm, parallel-group randomized design.
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The experimenter will remain blind to participant condition.
| Clinical hypnosis | Behavioral | Participants in clinical hypnosis will be guided in a hypnosis practice with suggestions tailored towards shifting pain appraisals. |
|
| Change from Experimental Session 1 (Day 1) to Experimental Session 5 (Day 5) |
| Mechanism: Mind Wandering Task | A computer based task that has been developed to allow assessment of three types of mind wandering. | Change from Experimental Session 1 (Day 1) to Experimental Session 5 (Day 5) |
| Mechanism: Mindfulness | Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form | Change from Experimental Session 1 (Day 1) to Experimental Session 5 (Day 5) |
| Mechanism: Pain catastrophizing | Pain Catastrophizing Scale | Change from Experimental Session 1 (Day 1) to Experimental Session 5 (Day 5) |
| Mechanism: Pain appraisals | Pain Appraisal Inventory | Change from Experimental Session 1 (Day 1) to Experimental Session 5 (Day 5) |
| Mechanism: Pain-Related Cognitive Processes | Pain-Related Cognitive Process Questionnaire34 | Change from Experimental Session 1 (Day 1) to Experimental Session 5 (Day 5) |
| Mechanism: Hypnotizability | Stanford Clinical Hypnotizability Scale | Baseline score at Experimental Session 1 (Day 1) |
| Mechanism: Pre-treatment expectancies | Treatment Expectations Questionnaire | Baseline score at Experimental Session 1 (Day 1) |
| D026441 | Mind-Body Therapies |
| D000529 | Complementary Therapies |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |