- Infraorbital nerve- The infraorbital nerve exits from the infraorbital foramen. It is a branch of the maxillary nerve, the second division of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth cranial nerve. The infraorbital nerve is a pure sensory nerve innervates the lateral aspect of the nose, upper lip, upper incisor, canines, premolars, and the first molar of the ipsilateral side. (1-6) The NYSORA website mentions that 'transsphenoidal hypophysectomy' is one of the indications of infraorbital nerve block. (2) There are two approaches to block this nerve, the intraoral and extraoral approaches. Regardless to the approach, the infraorbital foramen must be palpated throughout the procedure to avoid the serious complication of eyeball penetration. (2,4,6) This study, we use the extraoral approach with a 27-gauge needle advance perpendicularly toward the foramen. When the bony resistance is appreciated, slowly injects 2 ml of local anesthetics. After the injection, gently massage over the puncture site to prevent the hematoma formation. (2)
- Pituitary adenomas- Pituitary adenomas are the tumors of the pituitary gland. The tumors can be classified by the size and/ or by the functional status of hormone production. Dimension < 1 cm is microadenoma and dimension ≥ 1 cm is called macroadenoma. (7) Treatment options for pituitary tumors are surgery, radiation, and medications. The single or combination of treatment depends on types of tumor, its size, how fast the tumor grows, patient's age, and patient's general condition. (8) The two main surgical techniques for removing pituitary tumors are endoscopic trans-nasal transsphenoidal (ETSS) approach and transcranial or craniotomy approach. The transsphenoidal approach has many advantages such as less brain tissue damage than those in craniotomy approach. There is no visible scar because a small incision will be done over the nasal septum and through the sphenoid sinus. The bony posterior wall of sphenoid sinus is drilled with small surgical chisels to reach the pituitary gland. (9) Choice of anesthesia for ETSS approach is general anesthesia with cuffed endotracheal intubation strap over the left corner of patient's mouth. Balanced anesthetic technique is maintained throughout the surgical procedure. Specific goals for ETSS pituitary surgery are optimized hormonal function, facilitate surgical exposure, surveillance and promptly treatment for massive bleeding from accidentally penetration to the cavernous sinus. General goals for neurosurgery are maintain the hemodynamic stability and rapid emergence. (10) Promoting selective nerve block instead of systemic opioid analgesics, we anticipate to see a rapid wear off from general anesthesia and rapid awakening.
- Characteristics of pain in pituitary adenomas - A cross-sectional study of 278 patients with pituitary adenomas was shown that i) the prevalence of somatic pain (called 'bodily pain' in the study) was high and independent to the tumor type, ii) the patients diagnosed of Cushing's disease were more susceptible to pain than the patients diagnosed of other pituitary diseases, iii) a high incidence of headache which is independent to the tumor type, and iv) pain significantly correlated to depression and quality of life (QoL).(11,12) Pituitary tumor headache was reported unilaterally, at the site of orbital and retro-orbital, and throbbing in quality. Its severity was moderate to strong. (12) According to International Headache Society (IHS), pituitary tumor caused chronic and episodic migraine, 46% and 30%, respectively. (13,14) These findings demonstrate the importance of adequate pain relieve during pituitary surgery while rapid awakening after general anesthesia is required.
- Dexmedetomidine addition to bupivacaine - Addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in greater palatine nerve block and supra-zygomatic maxillary nerve block was resulted prolong the analgesic duration, decrease postoperative analgesic requirement, and no additional side effects such as hemodynamic disturbance and sedation. (15,16) The reported dosage was 0.5-1 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine. A systematic review of nine RCTs revealed many positive effects of dexmedetomidine in facilitating neuraxial and peripheral nerve block. (16) Dexmedetomidine-related adverse effects were transient bradycardia in brachial plexus block but did not observe in intrathecal administration. Respiratory depression was not seen. A high dosage of dexmedetomidine (15 µg) administered intrathecally caused higher sedation level during surgery. (17) The result from this study will add more evidence of the use of perineural dexmedetomidine in clinical setting.
Materials and methods Study hypothesis: We hypothesize that the bilateral infraorbital nerve block with dexmedetomidine added to bupivacaine reduce fentanyl used during endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.
Study design: Prospective randomized double blinded control (patients and assessors will be blinded) Participants: Adult patients, age ≥ 18 years old, diagnosis of pituitary tumor, scheduled for endoscopic transsphenoidal approach to remove tumor under general anesthesia with endotracheal tube.
The exclusion criteria will be 1) the patient is known case of allergy to dexmedetomidine, 2) the patient allergy to bupivacaine, 3) the patient does not sign a consent form to participate to the study, 4) the operation is changed due to cavernous sinus perforation, 5) the navigator and Mayfield is used to identify the tumor There are no pre-specified withdrawal criteria. The expected duration of subject participation is 3 days including the surgical day, which is day-1. At the time of pre-surgical evaluation and informed consent, participants will be informed that their participation in this research is voluntary and they may discontinue participation without consequence at any time. The data obtained prior to the subject's decision of withdrawal will be retained and analyzed in consistent with the study purpose. Unless the participants indicate that they want to remove their data from the study.
Ethical consideration: Before commencement of the study, the research proposal must be approved by the Ethical Committee (EC) of Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University (CMU). The protocol will be registered to the Research Operation System (ROS) and the website www.clinicaltrial.gov. Participants of this study should be fully level of conscious, E4V5M6. The research team will explain the procedure and risks to the participants one day prior to the surgery. If the participants decide to be enrolled, the consent form will be asked to sign.