A debridement (procedure involving cleaning and removing all hyperkeratotic tissue) was completed using a scalpel and number 15 blade, a podiatry drill and a spherical podiatry burr

A debridement was followed by the insertion of a 27-gauge needle on a 3 mL syringe that was inserted at 10 to 15 degrees with the bevel facing up approaching from the IPK's right side. The syringe was removed and the IPK was bandaged with a sterile gauze and medical tape.

A debridement was followed by the insertion of a 27-gauge needle on a 3 mL syringe that was inserted at 10 to 15 degrees with the bevel facing up approaching from the IPK's right side. The podiatrist pressed completely on the syringe to inject 1 mL of 0.9% sterile sodium chloride water. The syringe was removed and the IPK was bandaged with a sterile gauze and medical tape.

A debridement was followed by the insertion of a 27-gauge needle on a 3 mL syringe that was inserted at 10 to 15 degrees with the bevel facing up approaching from the IPK's right side. The podiatrist pressed completely on the syringe to inject 1 mL of 2% lidocaine solution. The syringe was removed and the IPK was bandaged with a sterile gauze and medical tape.

2% (20mg/ml) lidocaine solution

Patients were asked to rate their pain level during the seven previous days on the visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS is a 10 centimeters line anchored at the beginning by "no pain" and at the end by "worst pain imaginable"

The Foot Function Index (FFI) measure the impact of foot pathology on function in terms of pain, disability and activity restriction

IPK's length and width was measured with a millimeter scale ruler used in wound care (accuracy ± 0.1 mm). The depth was estimated with a cotton tip applicator technique measured with the same ruler