Analgesic Efficacy of Erector Spinae Infusion Versus Thoracic Epidural Infusion of Bupivacaine for Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Upper Abdominal Cancer Surgeries
Analgesic Efficacy of Erector Spinae Infusion Versus Thoracic Epidural Infusion of Bupivacaine for Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Upper Abdominal Cancer Surgeries
Epidural analgesia is considered by many to be the reference standard which has been shown to reduce the intraoperative surgical stress response.
However, besides its excellent analgesic effect, there are some disadvantages associated with epidural analgesia. This includes the risk of epidural hematoma/abscess ,failure rates hypotension, urinary retention. Also the need for preoperative placement in awake patients, who seem to dislike and sometimes even refuse. It is contra-indicated in the presence of coagulopathy or local sepsis.
ESPB is a faster procedure that carries a lower risk of hypotension, can be used in patients with coagulopathy, easy to perform, and requires less training.
So this study is to compare the postoperative analgesic effect of continous bupivacaine infusion via thoracic epidural versus erector spinae catheters following upper abdominal cancer surgery.
Surgical trauma activates numerous receptors leading to severe postoperative pain. Therefore, effective pain management is a priority of care and a patient right.
Postoperative pain may cause tachycardia, hypertension, increased cardiac work, nausea, vomiting, ileus. Also if it is inadequately managed may lead to detrimental Cardiovascular effects, pulmonary dysfunction, immune system, neuro-endocrine and metabolic effects, gastrointestinal, urinary dysfunction, coagulation system , cognitive dysfunction and also have psychological, economic and social adverse effects Good postoperative analgesia can prevent morbidity associated with abdominal surgeries by allowing pain-free, early ambulation and decreasing the risks of long hospital stay, thromboembolism, and other poor outcomes.
Adequate pain treatment is an important component of modern perioperative care and essential for a fast recovery. Choosing the optimal analgesic modality remains a topic of debate especially in major abdominal surgeries.
Epidural analgesia is considered by many to be the reference standard. It is used routinely in many thoracic surgery centers. Epidural blockade has been shown to reduce the intraoperative surgical stress response and has possible advantages for cardiovascular, respiratory, coagulation, gastrointestinal, metabolic and immune function However, besides its excellent analgesic effect, there are some disadvantages associated with epidural analgesia. This includes the risk of epidural hematoma/abscess (incidence 1:1,000-6,000 in surgical patients), failure rates of up to 30%, hypotension, urinary retention , in rare cases; paraplegia. Also the need for preoperative placement in awake patients, who seem to dislike and sometimes even refuse . It is contra-indicated in the presence of coagulopathy or local sepsis.
In the last decade, there has been a significant shift away from thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) that has been long considered as the gold standard.
Various techniques have been tried to replicate the analgesic efficacy of TEA. They include transversus abdominis plane analgesia (TAP), rectus sheath analgesia (RS), wound infusion analgesia (WI) and transmuscular quadratus lumborum (TQL) analgesia.
However each of these techniques has specific limitations that prevent them from being the analgesic technique of choice for all open abdominal surgeries.
Epidural analgesia is commonly used in patients following abdominal surgeries except in cases with elevated intracranial tension, coagulopathy, patient refusal, and local sepsis.
Truncal blocks such as transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks have seen limited success due to shorter duration and suboptimal analgesia.
The ultrasound (US)-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) was initially described by Forero et al.It as a relatively new technique, originally described to manage thoracic pain when performed at the T5 vertebra level, but it has also been successfully used for abdominal analgesia when performed at T7 level.
ESPB gained wide attention as it is a faster procedure that carries a lower risk of hypotension, can be used in patients with coagulopathy, easy to perform, and requires less training.
ESPB provides extensive, potent unilateral analgesia, performed by local anesthetic injection in the plane between the erector spinae muscle and the TP. The local anesthetic diffuses into the paravertebral space through spaces between adjacent vertebrae and blocks both the dorsal and ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves.
Bilateral ESPB performed at low thoracic levels provides satisfactory analgesia for abdominal surgeries in case reports and series describing abdominal exploration, cesarean section, ventral hernia repair, and abdominoplasty. [21-23] As LA widely spreads cranially and caudally when ESPB is performed, we think that ESPB can effectively be used as an analgesic method for abdominal surgeries.
Aims of the study The objective of this study is to compare the postoperative analgesic effect of continous bupivacaine infusion via thoracic epidural versus erector spinae catheters following upper abdominal cancer surgery
Patients and Methods After obtaining institutional ethical committee approval and written informed consent from each patient, patients undergoing major upper abdominal cancer surgery who will be applicable to our study inclusion criteria ( at South Egypt Cancer Institute from December 2020 to December 2022) will be enrolled in this study.
patients will be randomized by the use of computer generated table of random numbers in a 1:1 ratio and conducted using a numbered, opaque and sealed envelope into two groups, First group (Group of continous thoracic epidural bupivacaine infusion [CEI]) Second group (Group of continous bilateral erector spinae bupivacaine infusions[CESI]) Group I : An epidural catheter will be inserted via a paramedian approach as close as possible to the surgical procedure via the inter-vertebral space (from T8 to T10) so that the affected dermatomes of the surgical wound would receive the benefits of bupivacaine (sunny-bupivacaine) infusion. Proper placement of the catheter will be verified through an aspiration test and a test dose (2 ml) of lidocaine 2% with adrenaline. At the end of surgery, a 0.2 ml/kg bolus of bupivacaine 0.25% will be administered through the catheter and then an infusion of bupivacaine 0.25% at a rate of 0.1 ml/kg/h will be administered immediately postoperative and continued for 48 hours.
Group II : Bilateral erector spinae catheters will be placed at T8 level. Surface anatomy or ultrasound (counting up from the 12th rib) will be used to identify the level of T8 after skin sterilization with the patient on the lateral position. Then a high frequency linear-array ultrasound transducer (Sono Site MW, Bothell, WA, USA) covered in a sterile sleeve will be placed in a longitudinal parasagittal orientation 3 cm lateral to the midline to identify the back muscles: the trapezius above, the rhomboid major in the middle, and the erector-spinae muscle on the bottom, and the transverse Processes with shimmering pleura in between. Next, 2-3 ml of 2% lidocaine will be infiltrated .
A 16-G, 8-cm Tuohy needle (Portex; Smiths Medical International Ltd, Kent, UK) will be then introduced medially in the plane of the ultrasound beam and directed towards the transverse process. Once the needle is underneath the anterior fascia of the erector spinae muscle, 10 ml of saline 0.9% will be injected. The injectate will be observed spreading underneath the ES muscle lifting the muscle of the transverse process. A catheter (Portex; Smiths Medical International Ltd) will be inserted into the newly formed space underneath the ES muscle and secured. The procedure will be repeated on the contralateral side. bupivacaine (20 ml of bupivacaine 0.25%) solution will be injected into each catheter over five minutes and then an infusion of bupivacaine 0.25% at a rate of 0.1 ml/kg/h will be administered immediately postoperative and continued for 48 hours on both sides.
Postoperatively, all patients will receive IV morphine (3 mg) when needed with VAS score < 3 for a period of 48 hours.
Procedures will be done under complete antiseptic technique. General anesthesia In the preoperative room, standard monitoring probes will be attached, IV 18 G cannula will be inserted and 1 L of normal saline will be infused. In the operative room, after pre-oxygenation for 3 minutes, anesthesia will be induced with intravenous (propofol 1.5 mg/kg) and fentanyl 2 μg/kg. Tracheal intubation will be performed after adequate neuromuscular blockade with rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg. Anesthesia will be maintained by isoflurane 1-1.5 MAC, rocuronium 0.3 mg/kg will given when indicated. Fentanyl 0.5 μg/kg will be given to maintain heart rate (HR) and blood pressure within 20% of the basal value. Patients will be mechanically ventilated to maintain end tidal (ETCO2) between 35-40 mmHg. The inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2) will be 0.5 using oxygen-and-air mixtures. At the end of surgery neuromuscular block will antagonized in all patients with sugammadex 1μg/kg and finally the patients will be extubated in the operative room. Hypotension will determined as a systolic blood pressure < 85 mmHg and will be managed with IV ephedrine 0.1 mg/kg. Bradycardia will be determined as heart rate slower than 50 beats/min and will be given atropine 0.01 mg/kg.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: