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Long-term use of benzodiazepines is a long-standing problem, but the optimal withdrawal modalities are not known. The main objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of a psychological support versus a psychotherapeutic intervention (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, ACT) added to a withdrawal program on the reduction of benzodiazepines use in adults suffering from insomnia and hypnotic dependence.
Benzodiazepines and related drugs (BZDs) are effective for insomnia and anxiety in the short term. After few months (four weeks regarding insomnia), the benefit/risk ratio is considerably reduced. Nevertheless, between 2 and 5% of the general population uses them for more than 6 months. Prescribing recommendations are unanimous concerning the short-term use of these substances, but do not specify the optimal ways of reducing doses in a withdrawal programme.
Many factors influence the success of withdrawal, including the duration of withdrawal (how quickly doses are reduced), the half-life of the substance, and number of psychological factors. Studies on BZD withdrawal show that, on average, spontaneous cessation of treatment is 5-10%, withdrawal success is 30-40% following brief intervention and 60-80% following Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy (CBT). These are few, and only one study has tested the efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for benzodiazepine withdrawal. ACT is a contextual behavioral therapy which aims to increase acceptance of the full range of inner experiences including negative thoughts, emotions and sensations, in order to promote values-driven behavior change, leading to an improved quality of life. ACT is notably effective for the treatment of anxiety disorders, depression, psychosis and chronic pain, and some studies have shown the effectiveness of ACT for insomnia.
This study is a four-arms randomized controlled intervention which aims to evaluate the addition to a taper program of an ACT intervention versus a psychological support on one hand, and the duration of withdrawal on the other hand, in patients suffering from hypnotic-dependent insomnia. The entire protocol will be remotely delivered, which no randomized controlled trial has so far evaluated for benzodiazepine withdrawal.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| A.1: Medium duration withdrawal programme with ACT | Experimental | Medium duration withdrawal programme with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy |
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| A.2: Long duration withdrawal programme with ACT | Experimental | Long duration withdrawal programme with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy |
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| B.1: Medium duration withdrawal programme without ACT | Active Comparator | Medium duration withdrawal programme without Acceptance and Commitment Therapy |
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| B.2: Long duration withdrawal programme without ACT | Active Comparator | Long duration withdrawal programme without Acceptance and Commitment Therapy |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medium duration withdrawal programme with ACT | Behavioral |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of participants having successfully stopped their benzodiazepine use | Proportion of participants who successfully discontinue benzodiazepines (i.e., no benzodiazepine used for 2 weeks preceding assessment and negative on the urine test for BZD) at 4 weeks posttreatment, 6 months posttreatment, 12 months posttreatment and 24 months posttreatment. Successful discontinuation is defined as completion of the taper schedule without significant deviation and no use of benzodiazepine medications beyond "minimal Pro re nata. use" during the month following the zero-dose date. Minimal BZD use (not considered discontinuation failures): use of no more than 2 Pro Re Nata doses of medication (each not exceeding 0.5 mg diazepam) during the 2 weeks period starting at the zero-dose date. This criterion ensures that taking a minimal P.R.N. dose in extraordinary circumstances will not be considered discontinuation failures. | Change from baseline at 1 month, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Benzodiazepines use 1 | Proportion of participants who were able to reduce the dose by 50% or more BZD (over the two weeks prior to the assessments) | Change from baseline at 1 month, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment |
| Benzodiazepines use 2 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Benjamin Putois, MD, Ph.D | Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, CNRS UMR 5292 - INSERM U1028 - Lyon 1 University, France | Principal Investigator |
| Laure Peter-Derex, MD, Ph.D | Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, CNRS UMR 5292 - INSERM U1028 - Lyon 1 University, France | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PROSOM | Lausanne | Switzerland |
The participants will be randomly divided into four arms :
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| Long duration withdrawal programme with ACT | Behavioral |
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| Medium duration withdrawal programme without ACT | Behavioral | 10 interviews of withdrawal monitoring and psychological support during a taper programme of 6 weeks. |
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| Long duration withdrawal programme without ACT | Behavioral | 10 interviews of withdrawal monitoring and psychological support during a taper programme of 18 weeks. |
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Number of nights per week without BZD (over the two weeks preceding the assessments) |
| Change from baseline at 1 month, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment |
| Benzodiazepines dependence | Benzodiazepine Dependence Questionnaire (i.e. BDEPQ). This questionnaire evaluates the severity of BZD dependence via 30 items in 4 points, divided into 3 subscales: general dependence, pleasurable effect, perception of need. | Change from baseline at 1 month, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment |
| Compliance | Significant deviation from the taper schedule (considered treatment failures) = failure to make a scheduled dose decrease for a 10 days period, or falling more than 14 days behind the allowed taper schedule dose for any consecutive three days period, or continued BZD use beyond 14 days from the scheduled zero-dose date. | Change from 1 month post-treatment at 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment |
| Assessment of withdrawal symptoms | Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment-B (CIWA-B) contains 20 5-point items designed to assess and monitor the type and severity of benzodiazepine-like withdrawal symptoms. The first three items (restlessness, tremor, and sweating) are rated by the treating physician, and the last 17 items are rated by the patient. | Change from baseline at 1 month, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment |
| Sleep Improvement | The severity of insomnia as measured by the Insomnia Severity Index (i.e., ISI). The ISI questionnaire assesses satisfaction, daily functioning and anxiety related to sleep problems with 7 5-point items. | Change from baseline at 1 month, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment |
| Psychopathological symptoms improvement | Psychological distress as assessed by the Symptom Checklist 90, (i.e., SCL-90). The following 9 psychopathological dimensions are assessed by 90 5-point items: Somatization, Interpersonal sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Hostility and aggression, Obsessive-Compulsive, Phobic anxiety, Paranoid ideas, Psychoticism. | Change from baseline at 1 month, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment |
| Quality of life improvement | Quality of life as measured by WHOQOL-26 (i.e., WHOQOL-BREF). This abbreviated form of the WHOQOL-100 assesses the following 4 dimensions: "physical health", "mental well-being", "social relationships" and "environment" by 26 5-point items. | Change from baseline at 1 month, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment |
| Self-confidence in benzodiazepines reduction | Self-confidence towards change in benzodiazepine use assessed by two questions: "How confident are you in stopping your benzodiazepines" (0% I can't stop my medication; 100% I feel able to stop my benzodiazepines) and "How confident are you in your ability to sleep without benzodiazepines" (0% I can't sleep without benzodiazepines; 100% I feel able to sleep without benzodiazepines). | Change from baseline at 1 month, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment |
| Awareness improvement | Ability to be in contact with the present moment as measured by the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (i.e., MAAS) : 15 6-point items assess the capacity for mindfulness, i.e., the ability to pay attention without judgment to the present moment. | Change from baseline at 1 month, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment |
| Psychological flexibility improvement | Psychological flexibility as measured by the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (i.e., AAQ-II) : 10 7-point items assess the ability to not act solely to modify unpleasant psychological experiences. | Change from baseline at 1 month, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment |
| Global ACT processes improvement | Overall assessment of the 6 ACT processes as measured by the Comprehensive assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes (i.e., CompACT). This 23-item questionnaire uses a 5-point scale to assess the following 6 dimensions, corresponding to the 6 ACT processes: Acceptance, Defusion, Contact with the present moment, Self as Context, Values, and Committed Actions. | Change from baseline at 1 month, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months post-treatment |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007319 | Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020919 | Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic |
| D020920 | Dyssomnias |
| D012893 | Sleep Wake Disorders |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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