The Building on Existing Tools To improvE cancer and chronic disease pRevention and screening in primary care (BETTER) Program allows patients in primary care to have a dedicated visit with a prevention practitioner to discuss chronic disease prevention and cancer screening. A prevention practitioner is a health professional, working in primary care, who has received additional training to discuss chronic disease prevention and screening and develop health goals with patients through shared decision-making. Previous studies have shown that this approach increases the number of prevention and screening actions completed by program participants. However, maintenance of health behaviour changes is difficult without on-going support. There is also some evidence that peer-delivered coaching can improve health outcomes in community settings. As such, the BETTER Women program extends the BETTER program by focusing on 40 to 68-year-old women and providing time-limited support for health behaviour change through peer health coaches. Coaches are volunteers - trained in techniques to support health behaviour change - who support women to achieve their health goals over a 6-month period. In this study, the investigators will explore: (i) whether patients who participate in health coaching after a prevention visit are more likely to increase the number of prevention and screening actions that they complete after six months, compared to women who participate in a prevention visit but do not get health coaching; (ii) whether the intervention effects endure six months after the intervention ends; and (iii) the implementation of the program to learn about factors that affect various aspects of the success and sustainability of the program.

While the BETTER program has been shown to successfully increase the number of preventive care and screening actions completed by patient participants after six months, it is known that it is difficult to maintain new health behaviours in the long-term. Unfortunately, it is not feasible to fund health professionals to offer repeated follow-up visits over the time needed to turn initial behaviour changes into long-term habits. Therefore, the investigators are building upon the existing BETTER program by adding a peer health coaching extension that will provide time-limited coaching for patients who want support as they work towards achieving preventive health goals. This approach takes advantage of growing awareness of the role of lay health coaches in improving and extending the quality and value of primary care.

This is a three-site, pragmatic, wait-list-controlled, randomized, Type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial with blinded outcome collection after 6 months. One site will be an urban, academic, hospital-based clinic; the second will be a clinic serving a greater proportion of patients from rural areas; and the third site will be a suburban clinic with a large South Asian population. Investigators will invite women who are 40-68 years old to have a single visit with a prevention practitioner and receive behaviour change support for up to six months from a health coach. Coaches will do a 24-hr training course, which includes special techniques to support health behaviour change, before they are matched to a patient. At the suburban site, only South Asian peer health coaches will be recruited and this work is being guided by a South Asian Community Advisory Council made up of members of various community organizations in that region. Patients who enroll in BETTER Women will be randomized to receive health coaching either immediately (intervention group) or after a 6-month delay (wait-list control group).

Effectiveness of the program will be assessed by evaluating for each patient, how many of a set of target chronic disease prevention and screening actions were completed at six months, in comparison to baseline. Investigators will also assess whether patients achieved the health goals that they set with their prevention practitioners, physiological markers of health, as well as habits and behaviours related to diet, physical activity, smoking and alcohol use. These outcomes will be collected via electronic surveys administered at baseline, 3- and 6-months* post enrollment as well as through extraction of data from the patients' electronic medical records and BETTER program documents. These outcomes will be compared between the two groups of patients in the study. Additionally, investigators will survey intervention group participants and extract relevant data from their electronic medical records at 12-months* post enrollment.

An embedded process evaluation will be conducted during the trial to examine the implementation of the program. The process evaluation will include collection of program data, electronic surveys administered to patients as well as qualitative interviews with intervention group patients, peer health coaches and prevention practitioners. Investigators will examine how acceptable the program was to patients; whether and why any adaptations were made; how well the program was utilized; how well the coaches delivered the intervention (e.g., what behaviour change techniques were used); how engaged patients and coaches were with the program; and mechanism(s) of action. Ultimately, investigators expect to gain an understanding of the program's sustainability, acceptability, cost-effectiveness, and factors that might impact future attempts at spread and scale.

Investigators expect to see that women in the intervention group (i.e., those who had a health coach) will complete more preventive and screening actions after six months. Investigators also expect to see that women in the intervention group will make more progress on achieving health goals and making lifestyle changes which reduce the risk of chronic diseases and cancers, that the intervention will increase women's access to resources in their primary care clinics and community, as well as improve the women's ability to maintain healthy behaviours.

Note*: The investigators initially planned to collect surveys and data for the primary outcome (for both groups) at 12 months post enrollment. However, due to pandemic-related recruitment challenges, the data collection timeline was amended as described above to allow more time for recruitment within the project timeline.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patient identifies as a woman;

• Patient is 40-68yo;

• Patient has an email address;

• Patient has at least one behavioural risk factor not at target or at least one cancer screening overdue as defined below:

  • Score of less than 9 on the Mediterranean Diet Tool
  • Less than 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per week
  • Smoked a cigarette within the last 30 days
  • Average number of drinks per day is ≥1 and/or has >1 drink on any single occasion
  • Due or overdue for one or more of breast, cervical or colorectal cancer screenings;

• Patient has a valid number for the provincial health insurance program (Ontario Health Insurance Program [OHIP]); and

• Patient's medical records for, at least the previous 3 years are accessible through their family physician.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patient is unable to give informed consent in English due to language, literacy, or competence;
• Patient is unable or unwilling to communicate with the study team to collect outcomes in English via both email and phone; or
• Patient's primary care provider has identified medical comorbidities or other conditions at baseline that might interfere with the patient's ability to follow through on the intervention.

Any person who self-identifies as a woman, regardless of sex assigned at birth, and meets all other eligibility criteria will be invited to participate.

De-identified participant data will be available for analysis. Data will be shared through secure platforms compliant with PHIPA. Researchers must submit a data access request, including their research proposal, analysis plan, and research ethics board approval.

Types of Data Available: Baseline and follow-up (3-, 6-, and 12-month) surveys, BETTER Health Survey, Prevention Prescription and Goals, and relevant outcomes from electronic medical records.

Other Available Documents: Protocol, Survey Instruments, Interview guides

Applicable Analyses: Health outcomes and behavior change; Economic evaluations; Implementation and process evaluations; Exploratory analyses on effect modifiers and mechanisms of action; Comparative studies on intervention efficacy

Privacy and Confidentiality: All data will be de-identified to protect participant privacy. Data transfer and storage will comply with PHIPA. Data will be securely stored in a database with access limited to authorized personnel.

Data will be available starting from the completion of the primary outcome analysis and will remain available for at least 10 years as mandated by WCH data storage policies.

External researchers who have a legitimate interest in the data, subject to approval, must submit a detailed data access request, including their research proposal, analysis plan, and plan for research ethics board approval.