The More the Merrier and Brevity is the Soul of Wit? Efficacy of a Multicomponent Positive Psychological Intervention Conducted in an Online Large-group One-session Format
The More the Merrier and Brevity is the Soul of Wit? Efficacy of a Multicomponent Positive Psychological Intervention Conducted in an Online Large-group One-session Format
Current models suggest that mental health is not the mere absence of a mental disorder. Rather, mental health consists of two factors, mental disorder symptoms and positive mental health, that can be regarded as continua. Programmes applying interventions known from the positive psychology or positive psychotherapy framework have been shown to enhance psychological wellbeing, subjective wellbeing and to reduce depressive symptoms. However, interventions were mostly conducted in an individual or small group setting and usually consisted of more than one session. The few trainings of minimal length that were conducted in group settings only used one intervention strategy or one part of multicomponent positive psychological interventions. Therefore, the conclusions that can be drawn regarding the effectiveness of short group-interventions are limited. In this study, the investigators plan to conduct an online large-group one-session training to enhance positive mental health that comprises multiple positive psychological interventions (e.g. character strengths, positive communication, goal attainment, etc). Furthermore, an active as well as a passive (waitlist) control group are included in the study. In the active control group, dysfunctional thoughts are adressed that are known to everybody but exist in a great measure in people suffering from depressive disorders. Methods used in cognitive therapy are applied in this group. Participants will be recruited from a community sample without any inclusion criteria but being of legal age. The only exclusion criterion is not having the appropriate technical equipment for participation in a videoconference. Positive mental health as well as other constructs of mental health will be assessed before and after training and at one month and six months follow up to investigate long-term effects of the intervention.
In general, the investigators expect an increase in positive mental health in the multicomponent positive psychological intervention (MPPI) group. This effect should be present at the assessment points one month and six months after training. Furthermore, the increase in positive mental health in the MPPI group is expected to be larger than in the two control groups (cognitive intervention targeting dysfunctional thoughts [CIDT], waitlist). Furthermore, the investigators hypothesize participants to benefit from the MPPI in terms of other constructs related to mental health, i.e. self efficacy, happiness, wellbeing, positive emotions, and life satisfaction, in the long term. This increase is expected to be larger in the MPPI than in the two control groups. A decrease in depressive symptoms is hypothesized to occur in the MPPI as well as in the CIDT group.
The sample under investigation will be a community sample. All participants can attain the training for free and there is no payment for participation. One week before the first training day, the random allocation to the three groups will take place. Two days before the first training day, all participants are asked to fill out another survey through a link sent to them via e-mail. This survey comprises all outcome measures. The same procedure is carried out one day after, one month after and six months after the first training day. After the last assessment time point, the training for the waitlist control group will be conducted.
The target sample size is 300 participants (100 per group). The investigators will attempt to recruit more participants, assuming that not all will complete the study, especially the assessment after six months.
The investigators used the software program G*Power to conduct a power analysis. The goal was to obtain .95 power to detect a small effect size of .1 at the standard .05 alpha error probability. The investigators extended the calculated sample size of 264 participants to a target sample size of 300 participants as there was no study before that compared an online multicomponent large-group one-session training to enhance positive mental health with an online large-group one-session intervention targeting dysfunctional thoughts. Therefore, the effect size for the comparison of these two groups could be smaller than f = .1.
The primary outcome measure will be analyzed with a 3x2 repeated measures ANOVA.
For all other outcome measures, the investigators will use 3 x 4 between-within repeated measures ANOVAs (rmANOVA) to analyze the results. The first factor is a between-subjects factor that comprises the three groups MPPI, CIDT and waitlist control group. The second factor is a within-subjects factor reflecting the four assessment time points two days before the intervention, one day after the intervention, one month after the intervention and six months after the intervention. This analysis will be conducted for positive mental health, life satisfaction, affect, generalized self-efficacy, happiness, wellbeing, stress perception, positive and negative aspects of mental health, depression, anxiety and stress, social support and media-related variables. Before these analyses are carried out, correlations among the outcome measures are calculated. If outcome measures correlate significantly high (above .5), they will be first analyzed together in a between-within repeated measures MANOVA to control for alpha-error accumulation. After that, the separate analyses will be conducted. Furthermore, there will be paired comparisons between each of the three groups, reducing the first between-subjects factor in the between-within rm(M)ANOVA to two levels. For each group, rmANOVAs will be conducted to analyze the change of outcome variables over time entailing paired contrasts between the assessment time points.
Inclusion Criteria:
• Aged 18 years or above
Exclusion Criteria:
• Not having the appropriate technical equipment for participation in a videoconference