This study will be conducted to evaluate whether the approach of direct transitioning to lemborexant (LEM) is supported for insomnia patients who are unsatisfied with current medication.

Transition from Following 4 regimens of interest will be investigated; Z-Drug monotherapy, suvorexant (SUV) monotherapy, SUV and benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRA) combination therapy, and ramelteon (RMT) and BZRA combination therapy. Patients with insomnia who have been treated with one of the regimens but do not have treatment satisfaction will be enrolled.

As a comprehensive indicator of patient satisfaction including treatment efficacy and safety, the proportion of patients with successful transitioning will be evaluated at 2 weeks after transitioning; thus important initial response after transitioning will be evaluated as a primary endpoint. In addition, as a secondary purpose, the treatment continuation, efficacy and tolerability, and the treatment impression for insomnia (Patient Global Impression of Insomnia) for 14 weeks after transitioning will be assessed.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Subjects who have voluntarily provided a written informed consent to participate in the study

2. Subjects with insomnia aged 20 years or older at the time of informed consent

3. Subjects who are dissatisfied with the efficacy or tolerability of prior medications and wish to transition from them. For example;

   • Subjects who are treated with Z-Drug monotherapy or a combination of BZRA and RMT, and have particularly difficulties with sleep maintenance
   • Subjects who are treated with SUV monotherapy or a combination of BZRA and SUV, and have particularly difficulties with sleep onset
   • Subjects who are treated with a combination therapy of BZRA and SUV or BZRA and RMT, and wish to reduce or discontinue BZRA

4. Subjects with frequent use (i.e. at least 5 nights a week) of Z-drug monotherapy, SUV monotherapy, combination therapy with BZRA and SUV, or combination therapy with BZRA and RMT in the month before the start of the pretreatment phase.

5. Subjects who meet the criteria for insomnia disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) as follows

   • Despite an adequate opportunity for sleep, subjects have night sleep-related complaints accompanied by at least 1 of the following symptoms: difficulty in falling asleep, difficulty in staying asleep, and waking up early
   • The difficulty in sleeping occurs at least 3 nights a week
   • The difficulty in sleeping persists for at least 3 months
   • The difficulty in sleeping causes daytime dysfunction

6. Subjects who can secure at least 7 hours for sleep

7. Subjects who have a documented use of a prior medication(s) for the treatment of insomnia at least 5 nights in the last 2 weeks of the pretreatment phase

8. Subjects who are able to comply with the requirements specified in the study protocol

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Female who are breastfeeding or pregnant at pretreatment phase. If pregnancy cannot be completely denied by interview, a serum beta-hCG test will be performed.

2. Females of childbearing potential who did not use a highly effective method of contraception, which includes:

   • total abstinence (if it is their preferred and usual lifestyle)
   • use of condom
   • an intrauterine device (IUD)
   • a contraceptive implant
   • an oral or an injective contraceptive
   • have a vasectomized partner with confirmed azoospermia; The following methods are not considered as contraception: periodic abstinence such as calendar method, ovulation method, symptothermal method, basal body temperature method, and withdrawal method.
   • Do not agree to use a highly effective method of contraception (as described above)

3. Subjects with moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

4. Subjects with any symptoms and/or disease that may affect the safety or the endpoints of the study in the opinion of the investigator (see the examples below)

   • Cardiac disorder [including subjects with repeated QT interval prolongation*1 in previous ECG tests. For subjects whose QT interval abnormality cannot be ruled out by interview, ECG tests should be performed by baseline (Visit 2) to confirm the normality of corrected QT (QTc) interval].

     *1: QT interval corrected by Fridericia's formulas (QTcF) exceeds 450 ms

   • Respiratory disorder other than mild OSA

   • Digestive disease

   • Kidney disease [including renal dysfunction]

   • Neurological disorders [including intellectual incapacity or cognitive decline with disorientation to the person, place, time or situation]

   • Mental disorders

   • Chronic pain [pain disorders]

   • Carcinoma within 5 years [excluding appropriately treated basal cell carcinoma]

5. Subjects who currently have certain sleep disorders other than insomnia such as periodic limb movement disorder, restless legs syndrome, and circadian rhythm sleep disorder. Subjects diagnosed with mild OSA are not excluded from the study

6. Subjects who currently have a habit of napping for a long period of time 3 or more times a week in the opinion of the investigator.

7. Subjects who currently have narcolepsy or cataplexy

8. Subjects who are using a prior medication(s) for the treatment of insomnia at doses exceeding the dosage and administration approved in Japan

9. Subjects who are using two or more BZRAs

10. Subjects who are using sedative medication(s)

11. Have used prohibited concomitant drugs within 1 week before the start of the pretreatment phase

12. Have newly started nonpharmacologic treatments for insomnia (eg, cognitive behavioral therapy) within 1 week before the pretreatment phase

13. Subjects who cannot refrain from excessive alcohol consumption during study participation

14. Subjects with a history of hypersensitivity to any of the excipients of LEM

15. Subjects with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (subjects whose AST, ALT, or gamma-GTP is 3 times or more the upper limit of the institutional reference interval)

16. History of antipsychotic drugs use within the past 2 years or attempted suicide, which may affect the safety or the endpoints of the study in the opinion of the investigator

17. Subjects who have previously taken LEM (including subjects who have participated in a clinical trial of LEM)

18. Subjects deemed inappropriate to participate in this study in the opinion of the investigator