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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| R21HD100776 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) | NIH |
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Regular physical activity (PA) contributes to reduced risk of obesity, chronic disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, and can improve emotional and mental health, learning, productivity, and social skills. Latina girls are less likely to meet guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) than non-Hispanic white girls; factors that contribute to low PA rates among Latina girls include sex role expectations, low PA competency, few active role models, lack of parental support for PA, and lack of access to resources.
The goal of this study, informed by social cognitive theory and family systems theory, is to design, implement, and evaluate an intervention promoting physical activity among Latina pre-adolescent girls (aged 8-11) and their mothers. The intervention is based on evidence suggesting that parent-child interventions and single-sex interventions are more effective at improving PA. Mothers and daughters will participate in a 12-week virtual intervention where they will engage in weekly 1.5-hour sessions that incorporate didactic teaching, skill-building, interactive discussions, and PA. Each session will include at least 30 minutes of PA. The intervention will be compared with a control condition that will receive an abbreviated version of the intervention following completion of all measurement points.
Ninety mother-daughter dyads will be randomly assigned to the intervention or the wait-list control condition. The primary aim is to determine whether the intervention will increase MVPA among Latina girls in the intervention condition relative to those in the control condition. The investigators hypothesize that daughters participating in Conmigo will have higher minutes of MVPA at M2 and M3 compared to girls in the delayed treatment control condition.
This two-group randomized controlled trial integrates evidence-based strategies for promoting moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among Latina women and girls to design and deliver a mother-daughter intervention to increase girls' MVPA.
Mothers are instrumental in promoting healthy behaviors to their daughters. Specifically, mothers' PA and PA parenting practices influence their daughters' PA. Mothers can create and support PA opportunities, reduce access to sedentary activities, model PA, and reinforce daughters to be physically active. Other family level factors like parent-child communication positively predicts PA for girls. Family influences are generally hierarchical, in that influence often flows from mothers to daughters. However, parents are not parenting in isolation, but in response to children's traits and behaviors, as well as other social factors. Thus, children play an important role in shaping PA parenting practices and mothers' PA through encouragement and support. Understanding daughters' and mothers' PA and other family factors from multiple perspectives will extend our understanding of the bidirectional nature of parent-child relationships that may hinder or facilitate behavioral trajectories of PA.
The study will recruit 90 pairs of mothers and their preadolescent daughters through partnerships with schools and diverse community organizations that serve Latinos. Each pair will be randomly assigned to a 12-week Conmigo PA intervention (n=45 dyads) or to a 4-week abbreviated intervention following completion of M3 assessment (control) (n=45 dyads). The full and abbreviated (control) interventions will include PA and PA counseling, as well as parenting discussion. The study will examine the efficacy of the intervention in increasing daughters' and mothers' PA at 12 and 24 weeks after baseline measurements. Secondary outcomes include mother-daughter communication and PA parenting practices at 12 weeks (M2), and 24 weeks (M3) using protocols and instruments developed in the formative phase. Participants in the control condition will participate in an abbreviated (4 week) version of the intervention after the M3 assessment. After the 12-week intervention, the investigators will conduct focus groups with intervention condition participants, stratified by daughters who met the PA guidelines and those who did not, to identify potential moderators (e.g., BMI, perceived barriers to PA) and mediators (e.g., mother-daughter communication, PA support, PA parenting practices) that may explain and influence program impact.
The investigators hypothesize that daughters participating in Conmigo will have higher minutes of MVPA at M2 and M3 compared to girls in the delayed treatment control condition. They also hypothesize that mothers in the intervention will increase minutes of MVPA and demonstrate improved use of PA parenting practices and mother-daughter communication compared to the control condition.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conmigo PA Intervention | Experimental | 12-week program (90 minutes/week) |
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| Delayed Abbreviated Intervention | No Intervention | No intervention during experimental phase; participants in control group receive abridged program after the final measurement point (wait list control). |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Behavioral | Twelve weekly sessions will be led by Ms. Schneider and Ms. Montañez supported by Drs. Arredondo and Ayala and student research assistants. Mothers and daughters will participate in weekly virtual 1.5-hour sessions that include didactic teaching, skill building (including PA parenting and communication skills training), interactive discussions, PA, and homework review (homework examples: 30-min walks, practicing communication strategies). Mothers and daughters will attend sessions together, with 10-12 mother-daughter dyads participating in each series. Sessions 2-12 will include at least 30 min PA. Sessions will discuss strategies to engage in PA outside the sessions (goal of 60-min MVPA daily). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Daughters' Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (Objective) From Baseline (M1) to Post-intervention (M2 at 3 Months). | Investigators will assess daughters' MVPA at baseline and 3 months using the ActiGraph wGT3X accelerometer worn for 7 days: MVPA=average min MVPA per valid day (minimum 10 h/day of data monitoring for at least 3 days) using standard cutoffs. Investigators will compare PA at 3 months to PA at baseline to assess change. | 3 months |
| Change in Daughters' Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (Self-report) From Baseline (M1) to Post-intervention (M2 at 3 Months). | Investigators will also assess daughters' self-reported PA using the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health and Eating (FLASHE) adolescent physical activity survey instrument. Investigators will compare PA at 3 months to PA at baseline to assess change. Daughters complete ONE of the two scales: Version A (8 items) if not currently attending school (remote school due to COVID, homeschool, or summer break), and version B (11 items) if attending in person school. Each item in version A and B scales is scored in units on a scale from 0 to 4. The average score is calculated using the total score divided by the number of items. Scores range from 0-4 with higher scores representing a better outcome (i.e., increased self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity). | 3 months |
| Sustainment of Daughters' Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (Self-report) at M3 (6 Months) | Investigators will assess daughters' self-reported PA using the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health and Eating (FLASHE) adolescent physical activity survey instrument. Investigators will compare PA at 6 months to PA at baseline and 3 months to assess sustainment of MVPA three months after the intervention has ended. Daughters complete ONE of the two scales: Version A (8 items) if not currently attending school (remote school due to COVID, homeschool, or summer break), and version B (11 items) if attending in person school. Each item in version A and B scales is scored in units on a scale from 0 to 4. The average score is calculated using the total score divided by the number of items. Scores range from 0-4 with higher scores representing a better outcome (i.e., increased self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Mothers' Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (Objective) From Baseline (M1) to Post-intervention (M2 at 3 Months). | Investigators will assess mothers' MVPA at baseline and 3 months using the ActiGraph wGT3X accelerometer worn for 7 days: MVPA=average min MVPA per valid day (minimum 10 h/day of data monitoring for at least 3 days) using standard cutoffs. Investigators will compare PA at 3 months to PA at baseline to assess change. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Elva M Arredondo, PhD | San Diego State University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| San Diego State University Research Foundation | San Diego | California | 92123 | United States |
The final dataset will be an electronic database containing objective (accelerometer) and self-report (survey with primary and secondary outcomes, demographic information, etc.) variables from baseline, 3 months and 6 months. Data will be de-identified to remove all subject identifiers.
Data will become available after initial data analyses and preparation of major publications.
Researchers interested in accessing the data must complete a registration process and must agree to the conditions of use, including restrictions against attempting to identify study participants, destruction of the data after analyses are completed, reporting responsibilities, restrictions on redistribution of the data to third parties, and proper acknowledgement of the data resource. Those interested in accessing data must submit a brief proposal describing the intended use of the data; the investigative team will determine the scientific soundness of the proposal, as well as whether adequate data protections in place, as part of the decision for the researcher to be able to access the dataset.
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Goal was to recruit N=90 mother-child dyads, a total of 180 participants
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Conmigo PA Intervention | 12-week program (90 minutes/week) Intervention: Twelve weekly sessions will be led by Ms. Schneider and Ms. Montañez supported by Drs. Arredondo and Ayala and student research assistants. Mothers and daughters will participate in weekly virtual 1.5-hour sessions that include didactic teaching, skill building (including PA parenting and communication skills training), interactive discussions, PA, and homework review (homework examples: 30-min walks, practicing communication strategies). Mothers and daughters will attend sessions together, with 10-12 mother-daughter dyads participating in each series. Sessions 2-12 will include at least 30 min PA. Sessions will discuss strategies to engage in PA outside the sessions (goal of 60-min MVPA daily). |
| FG001 | Delayed Abbreviated Intervention | No intervention during experimental phase; participants in control group receive abridged program after the final measurement point (wait list control). |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline to M2 Assessment (3 Months) |
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| Baseline to M3 Assessment (6 Months) |
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Note that participants were enrolled in mother-daughter dyads. N=39 dyads in the Intervention group and N=40 dyads in the Control group.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Conmigo PA Intervention | 12-week program (90 minutes/week) Intervention: Twelve weekly sessions will be led by Ms. Schneider and Ms. Montañez supported by Drs. Arredondo and Ayala and student research assistants. Mothers and daughters will participate in weekly virtual 1.5-hour sessions that include didactic teaching, skill building (including PA parenting and communication skills training), interactive discussions, PA, and homework review (homework examples: 30-min walks, practicing communication strategies). Mothers and daughters will attend sessions together, with 10-12 mother-daughter dyads participating in each series. Sessions 2-12 will include at least 30 min PA. Sessions will discuss strategies to engage in PA outside the sessions (goal of 60-min MVPA daily). |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change in Daughters' Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (Objective) From Baseline (M1) to Post-intervention (M2 at 3 Months). | Investigators will assess daughters' MVPA at baseline and 3 months using the ActiGraph wGT3X accelerometer worn for 7 days: MVPA=average min MVPA per valid day (minimum 10 h/day of data monitoring for at least 3 days) using standard cutoffs. Investigators will compare PA at 3 months to PA at baseline to assess change. | Total of 61 (of 79) dyads had valid daughter accelerometer data at M2 (3 months). Those lost to follow up or with invalid wear (didn't meet minimum wear time, lost device, etc.) were not able to be included in analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Minutes per day MVPA at M2 | 3 months |
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Adverse events were collected over the entire scope of the study from Baseline (0 months) to post-intervention sustainment (6 months).
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Conmigo PA Intervention | 12-week program (90 minutes/week) Intervention: Twelve weekly sessions will be led by Ms. Schneider and Ms. Montañez supported by Drs. Arredondo and Ayala and student research assistants. Mothers and daughters will participate in weekly virtual 1.5-hour sessions that include didactic teaching, skill building (including PA parenting and communication skills training), interactive discussions, PA, and homework review (homework examples: 30-min walks, practicing communication strategies). Mothers and daughters will attend sessions together, with 10-12 mother-daughter dyads participating in each series. Sessions 2-12 will include at least 30 min PA. Sessions will discuss strategies to engage in PA outside the sessions (goal of 60-min MVPA daily). |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Elva Arredondo, PI | San Diego State University | 619-594-3481 | earredon@sdsu.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jul 20, 2021 | Oct 7, 2025 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008722 | Methods |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
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Delayed abbreviated intervention
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| 6 months |
| 3 months |
| Change in Mothers' Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (Self-report) From Baseline (M1) to Post-intervention (M2 at 3 Months). | Mothers' self-reported physical activity (PA) was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Investigators compared PA at 3 months to baseline to assess changes. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was measured through leisure-time activities, including moderate activities (e.g., brisk walking, cycling) and vigorous-intensity activities (e.g., running, heavy lifting). The total number of days per week and minutes per day spent in these activities were summed to calculate total MVPA minutes per week. Scores may range from 0 to 600 minutes per week. A recommendation of 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) per week is recommended, with minimum guidelines of 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week. | 3 months |
| Sustainment of Mothers' Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (Self-report) at M3 (6 Months) | Investigators will assess mothers' self-reported physical activity (PA) using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). PA will be compared at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months to assess the sustainment of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) three months after the intervention has ended. MVPA was measured through leisure-time activities, including moderate activities (e.g., brisk walking, cycling) and vigorous-intensity activities (e.g., running, heavy lifting). The total number of days per week and minutes per day spent in these activities were summed to calculate total MVPA minutes per week. Scores may range from 0 to 600 minutes per week. A recommendation of 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) per week is recommended, with minimum guidelines of 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week. | 6 months |
| Mother-daughter Communication | Mother-daughter communication was assessed using the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS) (Barnes & Olsen, 1985), completed by mothers. The PACS consists of 20 items, scored on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). The total score ranges from 20 to 100, with higher scores reflecting better communication. The PACS has two subscales: Open Family Communication and Problems in Family Communication. Responses to the "Problems in Family Communication" subscale are reverse-coded so that higher scores across both subscales indicate better communication quality. The total score is the sum of responses, and higher subscale scores indicate more positive communication or less communication problems. | baseline, 3 months, 6 months |
| Mothers' Parenting Strategies for Physical Activity | Mothers' parenting strategies were assessed using the Parenting Strategies for Eating & Activity Scale (PEAS) (Larios et al., 2009), completed by mothers. The PEAS consists of items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with response options ranging from 1 (disagree/never) to 5 (agree/always). Three subscales were administered to capture the following domains: Limit Setting (6-items), Monitoring (7-items), and Reinforcement (2-items). We produced a total score for each subscale by summing the response items. Possible score ranges: Limit setting, 6 (minimum) to 30 (maximum); Monitoring, 7 (minimum) to 35 (maximum); Reinforcement, 2 (minimum) to 10 (maximum). For each domain, subscale scores were standardized by dividing each participant's total subscale score by the number of items in that subscale. Higher scores on each subscale indicate a greater frequency or level of the respective parenting practice (i.e., more frequent use of limit setting, monitoring, or reinforcement strategies.) | baseline, 3 months, 6 months |
| NOT COMPLETED |
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| BG001 | Delayed Abbreviated Intervention | No intervention during experimental phase; participants in control group receive abridged program after the final measurement point (wait list control). |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
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| Girls' Physical Activity | Investigators will assess daughters' self-reported PA at baseline using the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health and Eating (FLASHE) adolescent physical activity survey instrument. Daughters complete ONE of two scales: Version A (8 items) if not currently attending school (remote school, homeschool, or summer break), and version B (11 items) if attending in person school. Each item in version A and B scales is scored in units on a scale from 0 to 4. The average score is calculated using the total score divided by the number of items. Scores range from 0-4; higher scores represent increased MVPA | Population count for each row differs from the overall population total because 1) we enrolled participants in parent-child dyads, so while we had 158 study participants, only 79 of them were daughters that completed these measures, 2) there are two different versions of the PA scale, depending on if girls attended in-person or remote school and each only completed one, and 3) two dyads did not have valid daughter data at baseline and were not included in the sample due to missing data. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale (0-4, higher is more PA |
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| Girls' Accelerometer assessed moderate to vigorous physical activity | Measure Analysis Population Description: Population count for each row differs from the overall population total because 1) we enrolled participants in parent-child dyads, so while we had 158 study participants, only 79 of them were daughters that completed these measures, 2) three dyads did not have valid daughter accelerometer data at baseline (not enough days of wear time) and were not included in the sample due to missing data. | Mean | Standard Deviation | Min/week of MVPA |
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| OG001 | Delayed Abbreviated Intervention | No intervention during experimental phase; participants in control group receive abridged program after the final measurement point (wait list control). |
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| Primary | Change in Daughters' Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (Self-report) From Baseline (M1) to Post-intervention (M2 at 3 Months). | Investigators will also assess daughters' self-reported PA using the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health and Eating (FLASHE) adolescent physical activity survey instrument. Investigators will compare PA at 3 months to PA at baseline to assess change. Daughters complete ONE of the two scales: Version A (8 items) if not currently attending school (remote school due to COVID, homeschool, or summer break), and version B (11 items) if attending in person school. Each item in version A and B scales is scored in units on a scale from 0 to 4. The average score is calculated using the total score divided by the number of items. Scores range from 0-4 with higher scores representing a better outcome (i.e., increased self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity). | Total of N=61 dyads (of 79 at baseline) had complete data for M2 daughter surveys. Those with missing data (outliers, incomplete scale, etc.) were excluded from analysis. Note that some participants completed a different version of the scale-- FLASHE has a version A for students not currently attending school (remote school due to COVID, homeschool, or summer break) and a separate version B for students attending in person school. Each daughter completed ONE of the two scales. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Score on a scale | 3 months |
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| Primary | Sustainment of Daughters' Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (Self-report) at M3 (6 Months) | Investigators will assess daughters' self-reported PA using the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health and Eating (FLASHE) adolescent physical activity survey instrument. Investigators will compare PA at 6 months to PA at baseline and 3 months to assess sustainment of MVPA three months after the intervention has ended. Daughters complete ONE of the two scales: Version A (8 items) if not currently attending school (remote school due to COVID, homeschool, or summer break), and version B (11 items) if attending in person school. Each item in version A and B scales is scored in units on a scale from 0 to 4. The average score is calculated using the total score divided by the number of items. Scores range from 0-4 with higher scores representing a better outcome (i.e., increased self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity). | N=54 dyads (of N=79) had complete M3 data for the FLASHE scale. Missing data and outliers were excluded. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Score on a scale | 6 months |
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| Secondary | Change in Mothers' Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (Objective) From Baseline (M1) to Post-intervention (M2 at 3 Months). | Investigators will assess mothers' MVPA at baseline and 3 months using the ActiGraph wGT3X accelerometer worn for 7 days: MVPA=average min MVPA per valid day (minimum 10 h/day of data monitoring for at least 3 days) using standard cutoffs. Investigators will compare PA at 3 months to PA at baseline to assess change. | N=62 mothers (of N=79 dyads) had valid accelerometer data at M2. Those with incomplete/missing or invalid data (unmet wear time, lost devices, outliers) were not included in analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Min/day MVPA | 3 months |
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| Secondary | Change in Mothers' Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (Self-report) From Baseline (M1) to Post-intervention (M2 at 3 Months). | Mothers' self-reported physical activity (PA) was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Investigators compared PA at 3 months to baseline to assess changes. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was measured through leisure-time activities, including moderate activities (e.g., brisk walking, cycling) and vigorous-intensity activities (e.g., running, heavy lifting). The total number of days per week and minutes per day spent in these activities were summed to calculate total MVPA minutes per week. Scores may range from 0 to 600 minutes per week. A recommendation of 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) per week is recommended, with minimum guidelines of 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Min/week MVPA | 3 months |
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| Secondary | Sustainment of Mothers' Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (Self-report) at M3 (6 Months) | Investigators will assess mothers' self-reported physical activity (PA) using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). PA will be compared at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months to assess the sustainment of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) three months after the intervention has ended. MVPA was measured through leisure-time activities, including moderate activities (e.g., brisk walking, cycling) and vigorous-intensity activities (e.g., running, heavy lifting). The total number of days per week and minutes per day spent in these activities were summed to calculate total MVPA minutes per week. Scores may range from 0 to 600 minutes per week. A recommendation of 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) per week is recommended, with minimum guidelines of 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Min/week MVPA | 6 months |
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| Secondary | Mother-daughter Communication | Mother-daughter communication was assessed using the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS) (Barnes & Olsen, 1985), completed by mothers. The PACS consists of 20 items, scored on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). The total score ranges from 20 to 100, with higher scores reflecting better communication. The PACS has two subscales: Open Family Communication and Problems in Family Communication. Responses to the "Problems in Family Communication" subscale are reverse-coded so that higher scores across both subscales indicate better communication quality. The total score is the sum of responses, and higher subscale scores indicate more positive communication or less communication problems. | N=59 mothers (of N=79) at baseline self reported communication at the 3 month measurement point. N=52 mothers self-reported at the 6 month measurement point. Those without valid data (missing, outliers) were not included in the analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Sum score 20-100 from 5-pt Likert | baseline, 3 months, 6 months |
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| Secondary | Mothers' Parenting Strategies for Physical Activity | Mothers' parenting strategies were assessed using the Parenting Strategies for Eating & Activity Scale (PEAS) (Larios et al., 2009), completed by mothers. The PEAS consists of items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with response options ranging from 1 (disagree/never) to 5 (agree/always). Three subscales were administered to capture the following domains: Limit Setting (6-items), Monitoring (7-items), and Reinforcement (2-items). We produced a total score for each subscale by summing the response items. Possible score ranges: Limit setting, 6 (minimum) to 30 (maximum); Monitoring, 7 (minimum) to 35 (maximum); Reinforcement, 2 (minimum) to 10 (maximum). For each domain, subscale scores were standardized by dividing each participant's total subscale score by the number of items in that subscale. Higher scores on each subscale indicate a greater frequency or level of the respective parenting practice (i.e., more frequent use of limit setting, monitoring, or reinforcement strategies.) | N=59 mothers (of N=79 dyads at baseline) had complete data at M2 (3 month) measurement point. N=52 mothers had complete data at M3 (6 month) measurement point. Those with incomplete/invalid data (missing, outliners, etc.) were not included in the analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Score on a scale | baseline, 3 months, 6 months |
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| 0 |
| 78 |
| 0 |
| 78 |
| 0 |
| 78 |
| EG001 | Delayed Abbreviated Intervention | No intervention during experimental phase; participants in control group receive abridged program after the final measurement point (wait list control). | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 80 |
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| Unknown or Not Reported |
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| FLASHE Scale Version B (in person school) |
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| Scale Version B (in person school) |
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| M3 (6 months) |
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| Monitoring Subscale (3 months) |
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| Reinforcement subscale (3 months) |
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| Limit Setting Subscale M3 (6 months) |
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| Monitoring Subscale M3 (6 months) |
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| Reinforcement Subscale M3 (6 months) |
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