Educational intervention was considered as any procedure or program to facilitate the acquisition of basic skills about the disease, its ramifications and treatment2,6,7:

• Education in infectious disease, including

  • "pandemic" training for health personnel
  • Personal protective equipment (PPE) and protection.
  • Specific speed-training focusing on environmental control (decontamination area, dressing...), personal protection, hand hygiene, sample management, risky gestures, control measures.

• Intensive care education:

  • mechanical ventilation
  • airways management
  • emergencies and cardiovascular drugs
  • Intensive care monitoring systems

• Basic nurse skills

• COVID-specific clinical management

The primary endpoint of the e-survey was to explore the effectiveness of educational interventions experienced by responders, considered as a whole "bundle" (and not one-by-one), among the surgeons exposed to a training program, on behavior change (Kirkpatrick level 3) in their daily role during their re-affectation within a medical COVID-unit. Behavior change represents a change in the daily role of healthcare professionals (for example, referral of patients with suspected COVID to the most appropriate screening and care pathway). For this survey, we considered subjective measures (self-assessment on a Likert scale on 5 modalities) of behavior change.