Effects of an Empowerment-based Psycho-behavioral Program on Persons With Mild Cognitive Impairment

Effects of an Empowerment-based Psycho-behavioral Program on Neuropsychiatric Symptoms, Cognitive Function and Health-related Quality of Life of Persons With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This study aims to evaluate the effects of a 13-week empowerment-based psycho-behavioral program to improve neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive functions, and health-related quality of life among persons with mild cognitive impairment. Its feasibility will be first evaluated in a pilot study and subsequently in a randomized controlled trial (RCT)

Dementia has become a global pandemic. It affects 50 million people worldwide and this number is projected to have a three-fold increase to over 150 million by 2050. Dementia is characterized by a progressive deterioration in cognitive functions that interferes an individual to live independently. It jeopardizes the quality of life of the sufferers and their families and poses tremendous economic burden on health and social systems. In 2018, the total cost incurred by dementia worldwide was up to US$ 1 billion and it was forecasted to double in 2050. Since dementia is incurable, efforts to mitigate the burgeoning population of dementia should be directed to its prodromal reversible stage, that is, mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

MCI refers to the transitional stage between normal age-related cognitive decline and dementia. It is characterized by cognitive decline in a single or multiple cognitive domains including memory, executive functions, attention, language and visuospatial skills, but the ability to engage in activities of daily living is preserved. The global prevalence of MCI is 10 to 20% in persons aged 65 or older, and up to 25.9% for those aged above 80 years.

Current research effort focuses on addressing the cognitive symptoms of persons with MCI (PwMCI), least attention was paid to the co-existing neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS). Such non-cognitive symptoms, indeed, affect persons in different stages of cognitive impairment, there is no exception for MCI. NPS is an umbrella term that captures psychological and behavioural symptoms, typical psychological symptoms encompass depression, apathy, and anxiety, which may cluster into a syndrome and precipitate behavioural symptoms such as agitation and disinhibition. Two systematic reviews simultaneously reported that up to 85% of the MCI population are afflicted with at least one of these symptoms, with depression being the most prevalent followed by anxiety and irritability. Comparing to those without such symptoms, they tend to have poorer quality of life, more severe functional loss, and with a fourfold increased risk for progression to dementia.

Despite the fact NPS is highly prevalence among PwMCI, effective management with comprehensive outcome measurement is yet to be determined. An empowerment-based, comprehensive multimodal intervention with MCI-specific outcome measurement on overall NPS is warranted. Such intervention should cover skills compensation with transferral into daily life, lifestyle reform, strength-based activity, cognitive restructuring, and disease-specific education. This study aims to evaluate an empowerment-based psycho-behavioral program on improving NPS, cognitive function and health-related quality of life among persons with MCI. This is a mix-methods study comprising an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial and a descriptive qualitative study

As for the sample size calculation, the sample size of the pilot study was set based on a general rule of thumb of 30 participants, which has been shown adequate for exploring feasibility and outcome estimates to inform future trials. Those for the major study, Power analysis using G*Power was performed to estimate the sample size for the RCT. According to the result of a systematic review that the pooled effect size of the non-pharmacological interventions on depression among persons with MCI was 0.47 (Lin et al., 2020), this study conservatively assumed the effect size of a similar but more comprehensive intervention on the primary outcome of NPS as 0.4. A sample size of 125 per study group is needed to achieve 80% power at a 5% level of significance, allowing a 20% attrition for a 17-week study.

Block randomization was used to allocate the participants to an intervention group, which received an empowerment-based psycho-behavioral program, or a control group, which received a health education program, at 1:1 ratio. The random sequence was generated by a computer randomization software on randomization.com. Each number was printed on a standard 2cm x 2cm memo and placed into an opaque and sealed envelope. To assure adequate allocation concealment, the allocation procedure was conducted by an independent research assistant who was not involved in this study.

For the quantitative data, all test comparisons were set at two-side at a level of significance of 0.05. The quantitative data were analyzed by SPSS Statistics (version 27) according to the intention-to-treat principle. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the socio-demographic data, clinical profile, and outcome variables. The similarity of study groups at baseline was examined using chi-square test for categorical data and independent t-test for continuous data. All participants were assessed at baseline (T0), immediate post-test (T1), and four-week post-test (T2) to determine changes in their MBI-C, GDS-SF, AES, K10, HK-MoCA, MIC, and SF-12v2 scores. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to determine between- and within-group differences in outcome variables across three data collection timepoints. All statistical analyses were two-tailed with a 5% level of statistical significance. Effect size estimates were calculated for all mean differences using Cohen's d values, and were classified as negligible (d<0.2), small (0.2≤ d<0.5), medium (0.5≤d< 0.8), or large (d≥0.8) effects (Lakens, 2013). Post-hoc power analysis was performed for all outcome variables using G*Power software. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore the perceived effects of the psycho-behavioral program and the qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis.

Lin, R. S. Y., Yu, D. S. F., Chau, P. H., & Li, P. W. C. (2021). An empowerment-psycho-behavioral program on neuropsychiatric symptoms in persons with mild cognitive impairment: Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged 50 years old or above
2. Able to communicate in Cantonese
3. Diagnosis with MCI as defined by the following criteria:

I. Presence of significant cognitive complaints as reflected by self-report II. Abnormal objective cognitive performance defined as < 1.5 standard deviations from age and education matched normal persons on Hong Kong Chinese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA), which is a 12-item instrument measuring cognitive functions, more details are outlined under the session of outcome measures III. Independence in daily living as evaluated through clinical interviews

Exclusion Criteria:

1. With the confirmed diagnosis of any forms of dementia
2. With the confirmed diagnosis of psychiatric morbidities, or history with stroke, brain injury and other neurological conditions that may affect cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functioning which may confound outcome measurement and limit their participation in the study
3. With hearing or visual impairment that may hinder participation in research activities
4. Current use of any cognitive intervention or electromagnetic stimulation that confound cognitive outcomes