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Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a series of rare malignancies with poor overall prognosis. Radical surgery the preferred treatment option, but most patients have lost the opportunity of surgery at the time of diagnosis. At present, there are limited systematical treatment options for biliary tract cancer, with poor efficacy and short duration of responses. In the past few years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy has gradually been added to the advanced biliary comprehensive treatment. However, in view of the low incidence and high heterogeneity of BTC, more large number of clinical trials and practices need to be carried out, and the effective combination regimens and predictive biomarkers need to be explored. This study is a single-arm, open-label, prospective cohort study, combining Camrelizumab with apatinib and capecitabine as the first-line or second-line treatment for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer. The study aims to explore the efficacy and safety of the combination regimen, and try to find biomarkers that can guild treatment. In this study, 34 patients were enrolled by the Simon's two-stage design, with the objective response rate as the primary endpoint and the disease control rate, progression-free survival, overall survival and safety as secondary endpoints. It is expected that the three-drug combination regimen will have significant efficacy and manageable adverse reactions, and predictive biomarkers can be found.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Camrelizumab combined with Apatinib and Capecitabine | Experimental | Camrelizumab was administered 200mg iv every 3 weeks. Capecitabine was administered 1000mg/m2 orally, b.i.d. every 3 weeks (Day 1-14 of a treatment cycle) Apatinib:A safety-run-in was conducted in the first cycle to identify the recommended dose of Apatinib, the initial dose was administered 250mg orally daily every 3 weeks (Day 1-14 of a treatment cycle). The dose of Apatinib increase and reduction was 250 mg orally q.d. and 250 mg orally q.o.d. every 3 weeks respectively according to the number of doses limiting toxicity events (DLTs) in the initial group. The final dose of Apatinib for the extension stage was detemained by the result of safety-run-in stage. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camrelizumab | Drug | Camrelizumab was administered 200mg iv every 3 weeks. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Objective response rate | The proportion of patients with measurable disease who achieved complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) | 30 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Disease Control Rates (DCR) | The proportion of patients achieving CR or PR or stable disease (SD) | 30 months |
| Progression-Free Survival | The duration from the beginning of the treatment to the disease progression, or death from any cause, or last progression-free survival assessment for patients alive without progression |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Wei Deng | Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beijing Friendship Hospital | Beijing | Beijing Municipality | 100050 | China |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10536130 | Background | de Groen PC, Gores GJ, LaRusso NF, Gunderson LL, Nagorney DM. Biliary tract cancers. N Engl J Med. 1999 Oct 28;341(18):1368-78. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199910283411807. No abstract available. | |
| 29313949 | Background | Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018 Jan;68(1):7-30. doi: 10.3322/caac.21442. Epub 2018 Jan 4. |
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IPD can be obtained with the consent of the principal investigator
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001661 | Biliary Tract Neoplasms |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004067 | Digestive System Neoplasms |
| D009371 | Neoplasms by Site |
| D009369 | Neoplasms |
| D001660 | Biliary Tract Diseases |
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Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C000631724 | camrelizumab |
| C553458 | apatinib |
| D000069287 | Capecitabine |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003841 | Deoxycytidine |
| D003562 | Cytidine |
| D011741 | Pyrimidine Nucleosides |
| D011743 | Pyrimidines |
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| apatinib | Drug | Apatinib A safety-run-in was conducted in the first cycle to identify the recommended dose of Apatinib, the initial dose was administered 250mg orally daily every 3 weeks (Day 1-14 of a treatment cycle) The dose of Apatinib increase and reduction was 250 mg orally q.d. and 250 mg orally q.o.d. every 3 weeks respectively according to the number of doses limiting toxicity events (DLTs) in the initial group. The final dose of Apatinib for the extension stage was detemained by the result of safety-run-in stage. |
|
| Capecitabine | Drug | Capecitabine was administered 1000mg/m2 orally, b.i.d. every 3 weeks (Day 1-14 of a treatment cycle) |
|
| 30 months |
| Overall Survival | The duration from the enrollment to death from any cause | 30 months |
| Safety | The incidence of any grade treatment-related adverse events. | 30 months |
| 24581682 | Background | Razumilava N, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma. Lancet. 2014 Jun 21;383(9935):2168-79. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61903-0. Epub 2014 Feb 26. |
| 28994423 | Background | Ilyas SI, Khan SA, Hallemeier CL, Kelley RK, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma - evolving concepts and therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018 Feb;15(2):95-111. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.157. Epub 2017 Oct 10. |
| 19245868 | Background | Everhart JE, Ruhl CE. Burden of digestive diseases in the United States Part III: Liver, biliary tract, and pancreas. Gastroenterology. 2009 Apr;136(4):1134-44. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.038. Epub 2009 Feb 24. No abstract available. |
| 28667006 | Background | Jusakul A, Cutcutache I, Yong CH, Lim JQ, Huang MN, Padmanabhan N, Nellore V, Kongpetch S, Ng AWT, Ng LM, Choo SP, Myint SS, Thanan R, Nagarajan S, Lim WK, Ng CCY, Boot A, Liu M, Ong CK, Rajasegaran V, Lie S, Lim AST, Lim TH, Tan J, Loh JL, McPherson JR, Khuntikeo N, Bhudhisawasdi V, Yongvanit P, Wongkham S, Totoki Y, Nakamura H, Arai Y, Yamasaki S, Chow PK, Chung AYF, Ooi LLPJ, Lim KH, Dima S, Duda DG, Popescu I, Broet P, Hsieh SY, Yu MC, Scarpa A, Lai J, Luo DX, Carvalho AL, Vettore AL, Rhee H, Park YN, Alexandrov LB, Gordan R, Rozen SG, Shibata T, Pairojkul C, Teh BT, Tan P. Whole-Genome and Epigenomic Landscapes of Etiologically Distinct Subtypes of Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Discov. 2017 Oct;7(10):1116-1135. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-0368. Epub 2017 Jun 30. |
| 31392046 | Background | Weinberg BA, Xiu J, Lindberg MR, Shields AF, Hwang JJ, Poorman K, Salem ME, Pishvaian MJ, Holcombe RF, Marshall JL, Morse MA. Molecular profiling of biliary cancers reveals distinct molecular alterations and potential therapeutic targets. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2019 Aug;10(4):652-662. doi: 10.21037/jgo.2018.08.18. |
| 26412456 | Background | Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L, Spigel DR, Steins M, Ready NE, Chow LQ, Vokes EE, Felip E, Holgado E, Barlesi F, Kohlhaufl M, Arrieta O, Burgio MA, Fayette J, Lena H, Poddubskaya E, Gerber DE, Gettinger SN, Rudin CM, Rizvi N, Crino L, Blumenschein GR Jr, Antonia SJ, Dorange C, Harbison CT, Graf Finckenstein F, Brahmer JR. Nivolumab versus Docetaxel in Advanced Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015 Oct 22;373(17):1627-39. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1507643. Epub 2015 Sep 27. |
| 29805739 | Background | Kim R, Coppola D, Wang E, Chang YD, Kim Y, Anaya D, Kim DW. Prognostic value of CD8CD45RO tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget. 2018 May 4;9(34):23366-23372. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.25163. eCollection 2018 May 4. |
| 33172881 | Background | Chen X, Wu X, Wu H, Gu Y, Shao Y, Shao Q, Zhu F, Li X, Qian X, Hu J, Zhao F, Mao W, Sun J, Wang J, Han G, Li C, Xia Y, Seesaha PK, Zhu D, Li H, Zhang J, Wang G, Wang X, Li X, Shu Y. Camrelizumab plus gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer: a single-arm, open-label, phase II trial. J Immunother Cancer. 2020 Nov;8(2):e001240. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001240. |
| 32359091 | Background | Piha-Paul SA, Oh DY, Ueno M, Malka D, Chung HC, Nagrial A, Kelley RK, Ros W, Italiano A, Nakagawa K, Rugo HS, de Braud F, Varga AI, Hansen A, Wang H, Krishnan S, Norwood KG, Doi T. Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab for the treatment of advanced biliary cancer: Results from the KEYNOTE-158 and KEYNOTE-028 studies. Int J Cancer. 2020 Oct 15;147(8):2190-2198. doi: 10.1002/ijc.33013. Epub 2020 May 2. |
| 27729297 | Background | Manegold C, Dingemans AC, Gray JE, Nakagawa K, Nicolson M, Peters S, Reck M, Wu YL, Brustugun OT, Crino L, Felip E, Fennell D, Garrido P, Huber RM, Marabelle A, Moniuszko M, Mornex F, Novello S, Papotti M, Perol M, Smit EF, Syrigos K, van Meerbeeck JP, van Zandwijk N, Yang JC, Zhou C, Vokes E. The Potential of Combined Immunotherapy and Antiangiogenesis for the Synergistic Treatment of Advanced NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol. 2017 Feb;12(2):194-207. doi: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.10.003. Epub 2016 Oct 8. |
| 20375404 | Background | Valle J, Wasan H, Palmer DH, Cunningham D, Anthoney A, Maraveyas A, Madhusudan S, Iveson T, Hughes S, Pereira SP, Roughton M, Bridgewater J; ABC-02 Trial Investigators. Cisplatin plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine for biliary tract cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 8;362(14):1273-81. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0908721. |
| 30785198 | Background | Kim ST, Kang JH, Lee J, Lee HW, Oh SY, Jang JS, Lee MA, Sohn BS, Yoon SY, Choi HJ, Hong JH, Kim MJ, Kim S, Park YS, Park JO, Lim HY. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin versus gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy for advanced biliary tract cancers: a multicenter, open-label, randomized, phase III, noninferiority trial. Ann Oncol. 2019 May 1;30(5):788-795. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz058. |
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| 32832493 | Background | Lin J, Yang X, Long J, Zhao S, Mao J, Wang D, Bai Y, Bian J, Zhang L, Yang X, Wang A, Xie F, Shi W, Yang H, Pan J, Hu K, Guan M, Zhao L, Huo L, Mao Y, Sang X, Wang K, Zhao H. Pembrolizumab combined with lenvatinib as non-first-line therapy in patients with refractory biliary tract carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2020 Aug;9(4):414-424. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-20-338. |
| 39102756 | Derived | Jing C, Bai Z, Tong K, Yang X, Liu K, Wu H, Zhu J, Guo W, Zhang Z, Deng W. Efficacy and safety of camrelizumab, apatinib, and capecitabine combination therapy in advanced biliary tract cancer: a phase 2, nonrandomized, prospective study. Oncologist. 2024 Nov 4;29(11):e1565-e1574. doi: 10.1093/oncolo/oyae154. |
| D004066 |
| Digestive System Diseases |
| D006573 |
| Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D005472 | Fluorouracil |
| D014498 | Uracil |
| D011744 | Pyrimidinones |
| D003853 | Deoxyribonucleosides |
| D009705 | Nucleosides |
| D009706 | Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides |