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This study tested a deviance regulation theory intervention in a sample of university freshman. The aims were to (a) increase use of protective behavioral strategies, (b) decrease alcohol use, and (c) decrease alcohol-related consequences.
College student freshmen were invited to participate in a study on the use of alcohol protective behavioral strategies. They were randomly assigned to receive a positive message about individuals that used protective strategies, a negative message about individuals that did not use protective strategies, or an assessment control. They were then followed for the next 12 months. Assessments were completed at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 26, and 52.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assessment only Control | No Intervention | Participants received no intervention content. They provided assessments of past week protective strategy use, alcohol use, and alcohol problems. All assessments were delivered via an online survey. | |
| Positive Message Condition | Experimental | Participants received information on the positive aspects of individuals that used protective strategies and were encouraged to report why these individuals were viewed so much more positively. They provided assessments of past week protective strategy use, alcohol use, and alcohol problems. All assessments and messaging was delivered via an online survey. |
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| Negative Message Condition | Experimental | Participants received information on the negative aspects of individuals that did not used protective strategies and were encouraged to report why these individuals were viewed so much more negatively. They provided assessments of past week protective strategy use, alcohol use, and alcohol problems. All assessments and messaging was delivered via an online survey. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deviance Regulation Theory | Behavioral | In the negative message condition, participants received information on the negative aspects of individuals that did not used protective strategies and were encouraged to report why these individuals were viewed so much more negatively. In the positive message condition, participants received information on the positive aspects of individuals that used protective strategies and were encouraged to report why these individuals were viewed so much more positively. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Protective Behavioral Strategies- Pre-Intervention | Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are a collection of harm-reduction strategies aimed to decrease alcohol-related consequences when consuming alcohol. The are three broad subtypes of PBS: (1) Manner of Drinking (MD; e.g., avoiding mixing different types of alcohol), (2) Stopping/Limiting Drinking (SLD; e.g., stopping drinking at a predetermined time), and (3) Serious Harm Reduction (SHR; e.g., knowing where your drink is at all times). These PBS were assessed in this study using Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey-20 (PBS-20). The PBS-20 consists of 20 statements covering three factors of protective strategies: Manner of Drinking, Stopping/Limiting Drinking, and Serious Harm Reduction. The frequency of PBS use was be reported on a five-point Likert-scale from 'Never' to 'Always'. Participants were asked to record their PBS use from the past three months. | Past three months prior to intervention/study |
| Protective Behavioral Strategies- Initial intervention (Week 1) | Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are a collection of harm-reduction strategies aimed to decrease alcohol-related consequences when consuming alcohol. The are three broad subtypes of PBS: (1) Manner of Drinking (MD; e.g., avoiding mixing different types of alcohol), (2) Stopping/Limiting Drinking (SLD; e.g., stopping drinking at a predetermined time), and (3) Serious Harm Reduction (SHR; e.g., knowing where your drink is at all times). These PBS were assessed in this study using Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey-20 (PBS-20). The PBS-20 consists of 20 statements covering three factors of protective strategies: Manner of Drinking, Stopping/Limiting Drinking, and Serious Harm Reduction. The frequency of PBS use was be reported on a five-point Likert-scale from 'Never' to 'Always'. Participants were asked to record their PBS use from the past week. | Past week before intervention |
| Protective Behavioral Strategies- Week 2 | Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are a collection of harm-reduction strategies aimed to decrease alcohol-related consequences when consuming alcohol. The are three broad subtypes of PBS: (1) Manner of Drinking (MD; e.g., avoiding mixing different types of alcohol), (2) Stopping/Limiting Drinking (SLD; e.g., stopping drinking at a predetermined time), and (3) Serious Harm Reduction (SHR; e.g., knowing where your drink is at all times). These PBS were assessed in this study using Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey-20 (PBS-20). The PBS-20 consists of 20 statements covering three factors of protective strategies: Manner of Drinking, Stopping/Limiting Drinking, and Serious Harm Reduction. The frequency of PBS use was be reported on a five-point Likert-scale from 'Never' to 'Always'. Participants were asked to record their PBS use from the past week. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Alcohol-related consequences- Pre-intervention | Alcohol-related consequences was assessed using the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), which consists of 48 items assessing eight categories of alcohol-related consequences: Social-Interpersonal, Impaired Control, Self-Perception, Self-Care, Risk Behaviors, Academic/Occupational, Physical Dependence, and Blackout Drinking. Participants recorded alcohol consequences (Yes/No/ I do not wish to respond) from the past three months. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The University of central Florida | Orlando | Florida | 32816-0001 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 34591518 | Derived | Leary AV, Dvorak RD, Troop-Gordon W, Blanton H, Peterson R, Kramer MP, De Leon AN, Magri T. Test of a deviance regulation theory intervention among first-year college student drinkers: Differential effects via frequency and quantity norms. Psychol Addict Behav. 2022 Sep;36(6):619-634. doi: 10.1037/adb0000777. Epub 2021 Sep 30. |
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| ID | Type | URL | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individual Participant Data Set | View IPD |
De-identified data will be stored at the Open Science Framework
At completion of study
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000428 | Alcohol Drinking |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004327 | Drinking Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 parallel conditions. After assignment, they received a brief intervention and were then followed for the next 12 months.
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| Past 1 week measured- 1 week post intervention |
| Protective Behavioral Strategies- Week 3 | Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are a collection of harm-reduction strategies aimed to decrease alcohol-related consequences when consuming alcohol. The are three broad subtypes of PBS: (1) Manner of Drinking (MD; e.g., avoiding mixing different types of alcohol), (2) Stopping/Limiting Drinking (SLD; e.g., stopping drinking at a predetermined time), and (3) Serious Harm Reduction (SHR; e.g., knowing where your drink is at all times). These PBS were assessed in this study using Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey-20 (PBS-20). The PBS-20 consists of 20 statements covering three factors of protective strategies: Manner of Drinking, Stopping/Limiting Drinking, and Serious Harm Reduction. The frequency of PBS use was be reported on a five-point Likert-scale from 'Never' to 'Always'. Participants were asked to record their PBS use from the past week. | Past 1 week measured-2 weeks post intervention |
| Protective Behavioral Strategies- Week 4 | Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are a collection of harm-reduction strategies aimed to decrease alcohol-related consequences when consuming alcohol. The are three broad subtypes of PBS: (1) Manner of Drinking (MD; e.g., avoiding mixing different types of alcohol), (2) Stopping/Limiting Drinking (SLD; e.g., stopping drinking at a predetermined time), and (3) Serious Harm Reduction (SHR; e.g., knowing where your drink is at all times). These PBS were assessed in this study using Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey-20 (PBS-20). The PBS-20 consists of 20 statements covering three factors of protective strategies: Manner of Drinking, Stopping/Limiting Drinking, and Serious Harm Reduction. The frequency of PBS use was be reported on a five-point Likert-scale from 'Never' to 'Always'. Participants were asked to record their PBS use from the past week. | Past 1 week measured-3 weeks post intervention |
| Protective Behavioral Strategies- Week 5 | Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are a collection of harm-reduction strategies aimed to decrease alcohol-related consequences when consuming alcohol. The are three broad subtypes of PBS: (1) Manner of Drinking (MD; e.g., avoiding mixing different types of alcohol), (2) Stopping/Limiting Drinking (SLD; e.g., stopping drinking at a predetermined time), and (3) Serious Harm Reduction (SHR; e.g., knowing where your drink is at all times). These PBS were assessed in this study using Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey-20 (PBS-20). The PBS-20 consists of 20 statements covering three factors of protective strategies: Manner of Drinking, Stopping/Limiting Drinking, and Serious Harm Reduction. The frequency of PBS use was be reported on a five-point Likert-scale from 'Never' to 'Always'. Participants were asked to record their PBS use from the past week. | Past 1 week measured-4 weeks post intervention |
| Protective Behavioral Strategies- Week 6 | Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are a collection of harm-reduction strategies aimed to decrease alcohol-related consequences when consuming alcohol. The are three broad subtypes of PBS: (1) Manner of Drinking (MD; e.g., avoiding mixing different types of alcohol), (2) Stopping/Limiting Drinking (SLD; e.g., stopping drinking at a predetermined time), and (3) Serious Harm Reduction (SHR; e.g., knowing where your drink is at all times). These PBS were assessed in this study using Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey-20 (PBS-20). The PBS-20 consists of 20 statements covering three factors of protective strategies: Manner of Drinking, Stopping/Limiting Drinking, and Serious Harm Reduction. The frequency of PBS use was be reported on a five-point Likert-scale from 'Never' to 'Always'. Participants were asked to record their PBS use from the past week. | Past 1 week measured-5 weeks post intervention |
| Protective Behavioral Strategies- 3 month follow up | Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are a collection of harm-reduction strategies aimed to decrease alcohol-related consequences when consuming alcohol. The are three broad subtypes of PBS: (1) Manner of Drinking (MD; e.g., avoiding mixing different types of alcohol), (2) Stopping/Limiting Drinking (SLD; e.g., stopping drinking at a predetermined time), and (3) Serious Harm Reduction (SHR; e.g., knowing where your drink is at all times). These PBS were assessed in this study using Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey-20 (PBS-20). The PBS-20 consists of 20 statements covering three factors of protective strategies: Manner of Drinking, Stopping/Limiting Drinking, and Serious Harm Reduction. The frequency of PBS use was be reported on a five-point Likert-scale from 'Never' to 'Always'. Participants were asked to record their PBS use from the past three months. | Past 3 months measured- 12 week post intervention |
| Protective Behavioral Strategies- 6 month follow-up | Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are a collection of harm-reduction strategies aimed to decrease alcohol-related consequences when consuming alcohol. The are three broad subtypes of PBS: (1) Manner of Drinking (MD; e.g., avoiding mixing different types of alcohol), (2) Stopping/Limiting Drinking (SLD; e.g., stopping drinking at a predetermined time), and (3) Serious Harm Reduction (SHR; e.g., knowing where your drink is at all times). These PBS were assessed in this study using Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey-20 (PBS-20). The PBS-20 consists of 20 statements covering three factors of protective strategies: Manner of Drinking, Stopping/Limiting Drinking, and Serious Harm Reduction. The frequency of PBS use was be reported on a five-point Likert-scale from 'Never' to 'Always'. Participants were asked to record their PBS use from the past three months. | Past 3 months measured- 26 weeks post intervention |
| Protective Behavioral Strategies- 12 month follow-up | Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are a collection of harm-reduction strategies aimed to decrease alcohol-related consequences when consuming alcohol. The are three broad subtypes of PBS: (1) Manner of Drinking (MD; e.g., avoiding mixing different types of alcohol), (2) Stopping/Limiting Drinking (SLD; e.g., stopping drinking at a predetermined time), and (3) Serious Harm Reduction (SHR; e.g., knowing where your drink is at all times). These PBS were assessed in this study using Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey-20 (PBS-20). The PBS-20 consists of 20 statements covering three factors of protective strategies: Manner of Drinking, Stopping/Limiting Drinking, and Serious Harm Reduction. The frequency of PBS use was be reported on a five-point Likert-scale from 'Never' to 'Always'. Participants were asked to record their PBS use from the past three months. | Past 3 months measured- 52 weeks post intervention |
| Past three months prior to intervention/study |
| Alcohol-related consequences- Initial intervention (Week 1) | Alcohol-related consequences was assessed using the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), which consists of 48 items assessing eight categories of alcohol-related consequences: Social-Interpersonal, Impaired Control, Self-Perception, Self-Care, Risk Behaviors, Academic/Occupational, Physical Dependence, and Blackout Drinking. Participants recorded alcohol consequences (Yes/No/ I do not wish to respond) from the past week. | Past week before intervention |
| Alcohol-related consequences- Week 2 | Alcohol-related consequences was assessed using the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), which consists of 48 items assessing eight categories of alcohol-related consequences: Social-Interpersonal, Impaired Control, Self-Perception, Self-Care, Risk Behaviors, Academic/Occupational, Physical Dependence, and Blackout Drinking. Participants recorded alcohol consequences (Yes/No/ I do not wish to respond) from the past week. | Past 1 week measured- 1 week post intervention |
| Alcohol-related consequences- Week 3 | Alcohol-related consequences was assessed using the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), which consists of 48 items assessing eight categories of alcohol-related consequences: Social-Interpersonal, Impaired Control, Self-Perception, Self-Care, Risk Behaviors, Academic/Occupational, Physical Dependence, and Blackout Drinking. Participants recorded alcohol consequences (Yes/No/ I do not wish to respond) from the past week. | Past 1 week measured- 2 week post intervention |
| Alcohol-related consequences- Week 4 | Alcohol-related consequences was assessed using the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), which consists of 48 items assessing eight categories of alcohol-related consequences: Social-Interpersonal, Impaired Control, Self-Perception, Self-Care, Risk Behaviors, Academic/Occupational, Physical Dependence, and Blackout Drinking. Participants recorded alcohol consequences (Yes/No/ I do not wish to respond) from the past week. | Past 1 week measured- 3 week post intervention |
| Alcohol-related consequences- Week 5 | Alcohol-related consequences was assessed using the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), which consists of 48 items assessing eight categories of alcohol-related consequences: Social-Interpersonal, Impaired Control, Self-Perception, Self-Care, Risk Behaviors, Academic/Occupational, Physical Dependence, and Blackout Drinking. Participants recorded alcohol consequences (Yes/No/ I do not wish to respond) from the past week. | Past 1 week measured- 4 week post intervention |
| Alcohol-related consequences- Week 6 | Alcohol-related consequences was assessed using the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), which consists of 48 items assessing eight categories of alcohol-related consequences: Social-Interpersonal, Impaired Control, Self-Perception, Self-Care, Risk Behaviors, Academic/Occupational, Physical Dependence, and Blackout Drinking. Participants recorded alcohol consequences (Yes/No/ I do not wish to respond) from the past week. | Past 1 week measured- 5 week post intervention |
| Alcohol-related consequences- 3 month follow up | Alcohol-related consequences was assessed using the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), which consists of 48 items assessing eight categories of alcohol-related consequences: Social-Interpersonal, Impaired Control, Self-Perception, Self-Care, Risk Behaviors, Academic/Occupational, Physical Dependence, and Blackout Drinking. Participants recorded alcohol consequences (Yes/No/ I do not wish to respond) from the past three months. | Past 3 months measured- 12 week post intervention |
| Alcohol-related consequences- 6 month follow-up | Alcohol-related consequences was assessed using the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), which consists of 48 items assessing eight categories of alcohol-related consequences: Social-Interpersonal, Impaired Control, Self-Perception, Self-Care, Risk Behaviors, Academic/Occupational, Physical Dependence, and Blackout Drinking. Participants recorded alcohol consequences (Yes/No/ I do not wish to respond) from the past three months. | Past 3 months measured- 26 weeks post intervention |
| Alcohol-related consequences- 12 month follow-up | Alcohol-related consequences was assessed using the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ), which consists of 48 items assessing eight categories of alcohol-related consequences: Social-Interpersonal, Impaired Control, Self-Perception, Self-Care, Risk Behaviors, Academic/Occupational, Physical Dependence, and Blackout Drinking. Participants recorded alcohol consequences (Yes/No/ I do not wish to respond) from the past three months. | Past 3 months measured- 52 weeks post intervention |
| Alcohol use- Pre-intervention | Alcohol use (quantity) was assessed using the Modified Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ-M). The DDQ-M was used to measure average alcohol consumption and time spent drinking during a typical week over the past three months. The DDQ-M is composed of a free-text grid where individuals report the number of drinks typically consumed for each day of the week for the past three months. | Past three months prior to intervention/study |
| Alcohol use- Initial intervention (Week 1) | Alcohol use (quantity) was assessed using the Modified Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ-M). The DDQ-M was used to measure the number of drinks consumed for each day of the past week. Each grid began with Monday and ended with Sunday, as surveys were sent out on Mondays. | Past week before intervention |
| Alcohol use- Week 2 | Alcohol use (quantity) was assessed using the Modified Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ-M). The DDQ-M was used to measure the number of drinks consumed for each day of the past week. Each grid began with Monday and ended with Sunday, as surveys were sent out on Mondays. | Past 1 week measured- 1 week post intervention |
| Alcohol use- Week 3 | Alcohol use (quantity) was assessed using the Modified Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ-M). The DDQ-M was used to measure the number of drinks consumed for each day of the past week. Each grid began with Monday and ended with Sunday, as surveys were sent out on Mondays. | Past 1 week measured- 2 weeks post intervention |
| Alcohol use- Week 4 | Alcohol use (quantity) was assessed using the Modified Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ-M). The DDQ-M was used to measure the number of drinks consumed for each day of the past week. Each grid began with Monday and ended with Sunday, as surveys were sent out on Mondays. | Past 1 week measured- 3 weeks post intervention |
| Alcohol use- Week 5 | Alcohol use (quantity) was assessed using the Modified Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ-M). The DDQ-M was used to measure the number of drinks consumed for each day of the past week. Each grid began with Monday and ended with Sunday, as surveys were sent out on Mondays. | Past 1 week measured- 4 weeks post intervention |
| Alcohol use- Week 6 | Alcohol use (quantity) was assessed using the Modified Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ-M). The DDQ-M was used to measure the number of drinks consumed for each day of the past week. Each grid began with Monday and ended with Sunday, as surveys were sent out on Mondays. | Past 1 week measured- 5 weeks post intervention |
| Alcohol use- 3 month follow up | Alcohol use (quantity) was assessed using the Modified Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ-M). The DDQ-M was used to measure average alcohol consumption and time spent drinking during a typical week over the past three months. The DDQ-M is composed of a free-text grid where individuals report the number of drinks typically consumed for each day of the week for the past three months. | Past 3 months measured- 12 week post intervention |
| Alcohol use- 6 month follow up | Alcohol use (quantity) was assessed using the Modified Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ-M). The DDQ-M was used to measure average alcohol consumption and time spent drinking during a typical week over the past three months. The DDQ-M is composed of a free-text grid where individuals report the number of drinks typically consumed for each day of the week for the past three months. | Past 3 months measured- 24 week post intervention |
| Alcohol use- 12 month follow up | Alcohol use (quantity) was assessed using the Modified Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ-M). The DDQ-M was used to measure average alcohol consumption and time spent drinking during a typical week over the past three months. The DDQ-M is composed of a free-text grid where individuals report the number of drinks typically consumed for each day of the week for the past three months. | Past 3 months measured- 52 week post intervention |