All participants underwent three experimental trials, namely downhill running (DR), level running (LR), and the control (CON) in a cross-over design. Each trial lasted for 2 days. The participants were fed the same breakfast and lunch on day 1 in each trial. The participants arrived at the laboratory at 18:00 on day 1 and ran on the treadmill at 60% VO2max (downhill and level surface trials) or rested (CON trial) for 30 min. Subsequently, they were fed a standardized dinner (A meal box containing chicken, vegetables, and rice, 692 kcal, with 50% energy from carbohydrate, 32% from fat, and 18% from protein) within 20 min.

The participants returned to the laboratory at 07:30 on day 2 after an overnight fast. After baseline blood and gas samples were collected, the participants were fed a high-fat meal that included cereal, white bread, whipping cream, cheese, and butter. The high-fat meal provided fat 1.2 g/kg (65% energy), carbohydrate 1.1 g/kg (27% energy), protein 0.33 g/kg (8% energy), and 16.5 kcal/kg.

A 10-mL blood sample was collected from a forearm vein into nonheparinized tubes before and immediately after exercise or rest on day 1. On day 2, postprandial blood samples were collected from forearm veins into nonheparinized tubes by using an indwelling venous needle and a three-way stopcock. A 10-mL blood sample was collected before (0 h) and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after the high-fat meal.

Inclusion Criteria:

• generally healthy, had not engaged in regular exercise or received any medication in the past 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

• history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, atherosclerosis, or osteoporosis, free of any musculoskeletal injury during the study