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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| European Leukodystrophy Association | OTHER |
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X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is one of the most frequent inborn error of metabolism caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, which codes for the transporter of saturated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) for peroxisomal degradation, thus causing their toxic accumulation in body fluids and tissues. The clinical spectrum ranges from adrenal insufficiency without neurological symptoms to a rapidly progressive, fatal cerebral demyelinating disease that may occur in childhood as well as later in life. The most frequent phenotype in adulthood is adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), a slowly progressive myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy, which may also be prevalent in up to 80% of females carrying the X-ALD gene defect. Since signs and symptoms in females are usually milder and with a later onset, they are frequently underestimated, overlooked or misinterpreted, e.g. as Multiple Sclerosis. Consequently, many women with X-ALD do not receive adequate treatment.
Against this background, the development of new therapeutic interventions with the help of eHealth technology (e.g., counselling and treatment via digital communication tools) is of particular relevance, as it provides cost-effective, regular care even for patients who live remote from Leukodystrophy clinics.
The aims of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-approach intervention ("SMART-ALD") on physical and mental well-being and quality of life in n=30 X-ALD symptomatic heterozygous females compared to a waiting list control group (n=30) using electronic health (ehealth) technology.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| SMART-ALD - Experimental group (EG) | Experimental | Participants will receive 12 months of SMART-ALD intervention |
|
| Waiting List - Control group (CG) | Other | Participants will receive 6 months of SMART-ALD after a 6-months waiting period |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMART-ALD | Behavioral | At the beginning of SMART-ALD, a multi-professional team evaluates participant's current health status and develops an individual treatment plan together with the participant. The SMART-ALD intervention offers medical, psychological, and social counseling, as well as a physical fitness and disease-specific nutritional program carried out via video consultation. Thus, scope and intensity of SMART-ALD intervention is initially tailored to individual needs and continuously adapted to changes during intervention. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in self-reported quality of life (assessed via Short Form Health Survey, SF-36; range: 0-100, with higher scores indicating better quality of life) 6 months after randomization (=after 6 months SMART-ALD) in the EG compared to waiting list CG | 6 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in objectively measured neurological symptoms (Adult Adrenoleukodystrophy Clinical Score, AACS; range: 0-24, with higher scores indicating greater impairment) 6 and 12 months after randomization in the EG compared to waiting list CG | up to 12 months | |
| Changes in motor functions (objectively measured via timed 25-foot walk test, T25FW) 6 and 12 months after randomization in the EG compared to waiting list CG |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Informed consent obtained from the patient or a competent guardian with legal capacity to execute a local Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee approved consent.
Females ≥18 years at the time of consent, with proven X-ALD as defined by
Neurological symptoms as defined by Adult ALD Clinical Score (AACS) ≥ 2
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Wolfgang Köhler, MD | Leipzig University Medical Center, Leukodystrophy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Neurology, Leipzig, Germany | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leipzig University Medical Center, Leukodystrophy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Neurology, Leipzig, Germany | Leipzig | Saxony | 04103 | Germany |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41030609 | Derived | Schafer L, Unterlauft A, Froebrich-Andress B, Wollny C, Rossler M, Fischer R, Bahr C, Lier J, Wasmus DT, Bergner CC, Kohler W. Improving quality of life in rare diseases using disease-specific, multidisciplinary online interventions on the example of rare X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: a randomized-controlled trial. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2025 Sep 28;18:17562864251376109. doi: 10.1177/17562864251376109. eCollection 2025. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000326 | Adrenoleukodystrophy |
| D040181 | Genetic Diseases, X-Linked |
| D018901 | Peroxisomal Disorders |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020739 | Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn |
| D001928 | Brain Diseases, Metabolic |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014850 | Waiting Lists |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001071 | Appointments and Schedules |
| D009934 | Organization and Administration |
| D006298 | Health Services Administration |
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Participants will be randomized to 12 months of SMART-ALD intervention (experimental group; EG) or a waiting list control group (CG), in which patients receive 6 months of SMART-ALD after a 6-months waiting period.
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|
| Waiting list | Behavioral | At the beginning of the study, patients of the waiting list (WL) control condition receive one medical consultation via video consultation, including recommendations to contact their local treating physician if necessary. Individuals are instructed not to seek any other medical or psychological treatment for X-ALD symptoms without informing the study staff. All WL patients are guaranteed 6 months of SMART-ALD intervention after a waiting period of 6 months. |
|
| up to 12 months |
| Changes in objectively measured activity index (pedometer - fitness tracker wrist band) 6 and 12 months after randomization in the EG compared to waiting list CG | up to 12 months |
| Changes in self-reported functional status (assessed via Activity of Daily Living Score, ADLs, range: 0-6, with higher scores indicating better functioning) 6 and 12 months after randomization in the EG compared to waiting list CG | up to 12 months |
| Changes in self-reported mental health (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI-II, range: 0-63, with higher scores indicating greater depression) 6 and 12 months after randomization in the EG compared to waiting list CG | up to 12 months |
| Changes in self-reported chronic pain (Brief Pain Inventory, BPI, range: 0-10, with higher scores indicating greater pain) 6 and 12 months after randomization in the EG compared to waiting list CG | up to 12 months |
| Changes in self-reported sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI, range: 0-21, with higher scores indicating worse sleep quality) 6 and 12 months after randomization in the EG compared to waiting list CG | up to 12 months |
| Changes in self-reported fatigue symptoms (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, MFIS, range: 0-84, with higher scores indicating greater fatigue) 6 and 12 months after randomization in the EG compared to waiting list CG | up to 12 months |
| Changes in self-reported sexual functionality (Female Sexual Function Index, FSFI, range: 2-36, with higher scores indicating better sexual function) 6 and 12 months after randomization in the EG compared to waiting list CG | up to 12 months |
| Leukodystrophy Outpatient Clinic | Leipzig | 04275 | Germany |
| D020279 | Hereditary Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases |
| D056784 | Leukoencephalopathies |
| D003711 | Demyelinating Diseases |
| D038901 | X-Linked Intellectual Disability |
| D008607 | Intellectual Disability |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D030342 | Genetic Diseases, Inborn |
| D009358 | Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities |
| D020271 | Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System |
| D008661 | Metabolism, Inborn Errors |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D000309 | Adrenal Insufficiency |
| D000307 | Adrenal Gland Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |