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This is a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) by MRI-targeted approach (MRI-arm) versus 24-core transperineal (TP) systematic biopsy (TP-arm). Clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) is defined as ISUP (International Society of Urogenital Pathology) Grade group ≥2 prostate cancer. Patients with elevated PSA 4-20 ng/mL with or without abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) will be randomized in a 1:1 manner to MRI-arm or TP-arm. In the MRI-arm, multiparametric MRI prostate will be performed for each subject. MRI prostate is considered abnormal if PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System, version 2.1) score is 3, 4 or 5. For subjects in MRI-arm with abnormal MRI, MRI-targeted biopsy will be performed, followed by 12-core systematic transperineal biopsy (sparing MRI-target). For subjects in MRI-arm with normal MRI, no biopsy is performed. For subjects in TP-arm, 24-core systematic transperineal biopsy will be performed without MRI guidance. The study flowchart is provided in Figure 1. The detection rates of csPCa will be compared between MRI-targeted biopsy plus 12-core systematic biopsy (in MRI-arm) versus TP-arm. The study hypothesis is MRI-guided prostate biopsy with 12-core systematic biopsy is superior to 24-core transperineal systematic biopsy in detection of csPCa.
The current study is a randomized controlled trial using a superiority design with the subjects randomized in 1:1 manner to either MRI-arm or TP-arm. In the MRI-arm, multiparametric MRI is performed for all subjects. If MRI is abnormal (PI-RADS score 3-5), 3-4 core targeted followed by 12-core systematic transperineal biopsies under local anaesthesia will be performed. If MRI is normal, no biopsy is performed. A 12-core systematic biopsy is also included in MRI-targeted biopsy as it has been shown in the Trio study that adding systematic biopsy increased the detection of csPCa.
In the TP-arm, no MRI will be performed, and all subjects will receive 24-core transperineal prostate biopsy under local anaesthesia. Patient will be followed up in clinic about 30 days after biopsy to review pathology result and complication.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| MRI arm | Experimental | MRI prostate with contrast, followed by MRI-guided biopsy under local anaesthesia only if MRI show suspicious lesion. Men with non-suspicious MRI will not receive a biopsy. |
|
| TP-arm Systematic biopsy | Active Comparator | 24-core Systematic transperineal prostate biopsy under local anaesthesia |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MRI and MRI-guided prostate biopsy | Diagnostic Test | Multiparametric MRI prostates in the MRI arm will be performed using 1.5 or 3.0 Tesla scanner with a pelvic phased array coil and contrast injection. T2-weighted, diffusion weighted and dynamic contrast enhanced scans will be included and the reporting of MRI finding will be done according to PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data Systems) v2.1 recommendations. MRI-guided targeted biopsy will be performed by Urologists experienced in MRI-guided biopsy for men with PI-RADS score 3-5. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of men with clinically significant Prostate cancer(csPCa), diagnosis of ISUP Grade group 2 or above prostate cancer in at least 1 biopsy core in MRI-arm Vs TP-arm | ISUP Grade 2 or above prostate cancer diagnosed on biopsy | When histology results available, at an expected average of 30 days post-biopsy |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of men with diagnosis of clinically insignificant prostate cancer (ISUP Grade group 1) | ISUP Grade 1-5, the higher grade the higher risk. | When histology results available, at an expected average of 30 days post-biopsy |
| Proportion of men in MRI arm with normal MRI who could avoid a biopsy |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Peter Ka-Fung CHIU, FRCS, PhD | Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwong Wah Hospital | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | ||||
| North District Hospital |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31493960 | Background | Culp MB, Soerjomataram I, Efstathiou JA, Bray F, Jemal A. Recent Global Patterns in Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates. Eur Urol. 2020 Jan;77(1):38-52. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.08.005. Epub 2019 Sep 5. | |
| 27932742 | Background | Chan SY, Ng CF, Lee KW, Yee CH, Chiu PK, Teoh JY, Hou SS. Differences in cancer characteristics of Chinese patients with prostate cancer who present with different symptoms. Hong Kong Med J. 2017 Feb;23(1):6-12. doi: 10.12809/hkmj164875. Epub 2016 Dec 9. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| accessed February 20 | View source |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011471 | Prostatic Neoplasms |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005834 | Genital Neoplasms, Male |
| D014565 | Urogenital Neoplasms |
| D009371 | Neoplasms by Site |
| D009369 | Neoplasms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008279 | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014054 | Tomography |
| D003952 | Diagnostic Imaging |
| D019937 | Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures |
| D003933 | Diagnosis |
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Randomized controlled trial, 1:1 allocation
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|
| TP-arm Systematic biopsy | Diagnostic Test | Transperineal 24-core biopsy using a free-hand technique under local anaesthesia will be performed under transrectal ultrasound guidance for men in this arm |
|
The number of patients in MRI arm with normal MRI |
| When MRI results available, at an expected average of 30 days post-MRI |
| Proportion of men with post-biopsy adverse events within 30 days after biopsy | The severity of Adverse event is grade by Clavien-Dindo classification | 30 days post biopsy |
| Proportion of men with csPCa in MRI-arm (Targeted biopsy only) Vs TP-arm (24-core Systematic biopsy) | ISUP Grade 2 or above prostate cancer diagnosed on biopsy | When histology results available, at an expected average of 30 days post-biopsy |
| Cancer core length of the most involved biopsy core | maximum cancer core length in mm | When histology results available, at an expected average of 30 days post-biopsy |
| Health-related Quality of life scores | EQ-5D-5L | At recruitment, and at 30 days after intervention |
| Cost per diagnosis of cancer | Cost to diagnosis one cancer | 30 days post-biopsy |
| Hong Kong |
| Hong Kong |
| Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| Prince of Wales Hospital | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| Princess Margaret Hospital | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| Queen Elizabeth Hospital | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| United Christian Hospital | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
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| 2677409 | Background | Carter HB, Hamper UM, Sheth S, Sanders RC, Epstein JI, Walsh PC. Evaluation of transrectal ultrasound in the early detection of prostate cancer. J Urol. 1989 Oct;142(4):1008-10. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)38971-1. |
| 28498624 | Background | Chiu PK, Alberts AR, Venderbos LDF, Bangma CH, Roobol MJ. Additional benefit of using a risk-based selection for prostate biopsy: an analysis of biopsy complications in the Rotterdam section of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. BJU Int. 2017 Sep;120(3):394-400. doi: 10.1111/bju.13913. Epub 2017 Jun 5. |
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| 27897172 | Background | Chiu PK, Roobol MJ, Nieboer D, Teoh JY, Yuen SK, Hou SM, Yiu MK, Ng CF. Adaptation and external validation of the European randomised study of screening for prostate cancer risk calculator for the Chinese population. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2017 Mar;20(1):99-104. doi: 10.1038/pcan.2016.57. Epub 2016 Nov 29. |
| 30898406 | Background | Turkbey B, Rosenkrantz AB, Haider MA, Padhani AR, Villeirs G, Macura KJ, Tempany CM, Choyke PL, Cornud F, Margolis DJ, Thoeny HC, Verma S, Barentsz J, Weinreb JC. Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2.1: 2019 Update of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2. Eur Urol. 2019 Sep;76(3):340-351. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.02.033. Epub 2019 Mar 18. |
| 30082150 | Background | Alberts AR, Roobol MJ, Verbeek JFM, Schoots IG, Chiu PK, Osses DF, Tijsterman JD, Beerlage HP, Mannaerts CK, Schimmoller L, Albers P, Arsov C. Prediction of High-grade Prostate Cancer Following Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Improving the Rotterdam European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer Risk Calculators. Eur Urol. 2019 Feb;75(2):310-318. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.07.031. Epub 2018 Aug 3. |
| 31022301 | Background | Drost FH, Osses DF, Nieboer D, Steyerberg EW, Bangma CH, Roobol MJ, Schoots IG. Prostate MRI, with or without MRI-targeted biopsy, and systematic biopsy for detecting prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Apr 25;4(4):CD012663. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012663.pub2. |
| 28110982 | Background | Ahmed HU, El-Shater Bosaily A, Brown LC, Gabe R, Kaplan R, Parmar MK, Collaco-Moraes Y, Ward K, Hindley RG, Freeman A, Kirkham AP, Oldroyd R, Parker C, Emberton M; PROMIS study group. Diagnostic accuracy of multi-parametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS): a paired validating confirmatory study. Lancet. 2017 Feb 25;389(10071):815-822. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32401-1. Epub 2017 Jan 20. |
| 29552975 | Background | Kasivisvanathan V, Rannikko AS, Borghi M, Panebianco V, Mynderse LA, Vaarala MH, Briganti A, Budaus L, Hellawell G, Hindley RG, Roobol MJ, Eggener S, Ghei M, Villers A, Bladou F, Villeirs GM, Virdi J, Boxler S, Robert G, Singh PB, Venderink W, Hadaschik BA, Ruffion A, Hu JC, Margolis D, Crouzet S, Klotz L, Taneja SS, Pinto P, Gill I, Allen C, Giganti F, Freeman A, Morris S, Punwani S, Williams NR, Brew-Graves C, Deeks J, Takwoingi Y, Emberton M, Moore CM; PRECISION Study Group Collaborators. MRI-Targeted or Standard Biopsy for Prostate-Cancer Diagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 10;378(19):1767-1777. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1801993. Epub 2018 Mar 18. |
| 23787356 | Background | Loeb S, Vellekoop A, Ahmed HU, Catto J, Emberton M, Nam R, Rosario DJ, Scattoni V, Lotan Y. Systematic review of complications of prostate biopsy. Eur Urol. 2013 Dec;64(6):876-92. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.05.049. Epub 2013 Jun 4. |
| 31178436 | Background | Lo KL, Chui KL, Leung CH, Ma SF, Lim K, Ng T, Wong J, Li JKM, Mak SK, Ng CF. Outcomes of transperineal and transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Hong Kong Med J. 2019 Jun;25(3):209-215. doi: 10.12809/hkmj187599. Epub 2019 May 29. |
| 31932659 | Background | Grummet J, Gorin MA, Popert R, O'Brien T, Lamb AD, Hadaschik B, Radtke JP, Wagenlehner F, Baco E, Moore CM, Emberton M, George AK, Davis JW, Szabo RJ, Buckley R, Loblaw A, Allaway M, Kastner C, Briers E, Royce PL, Frydenberg M, Murphy DG, Woo HH. "TREXIT 2020": why the time to abandon transrectal prostate biopsy starts now. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2020 Mar;23(1):62-65. doi: 10.1038/s41391-020-0204-8. Epub 2020 Jan 13. No abstract available. |
| 30431694 | Background | Kum F, Elhage O, Maliyil J, Wong K, Faure Walker N, Kulkarni M, Namdarian B, Challacombe B, Cathcart P, Popert R. Initial outcomes of local anaesthetic freehand transperineal prostate biopsies in the outpatient setting. BJU Int. 2020 Feb;125(2):244-252. doi: 10.1111/bju.14620. Epub 2019 Dec 3. |
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| D005832 |
| Genital Diseases, Male |
| D000091662 | Genital Diseases |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D011469 | Prostatic Diseases |
| D052801 | Male Urogenital Diseases |