In a retrospective study, the investigators will compare patients with locally advanced rectal cancer with high risk factors for failure who were treated with standard therapy or with total neoadjuvant therapy.

Inclusion Criteria:

• histologically proven locally advanced rectal cancer and
• the presence of one of the factors: T4, N2, positive mesorectal fascia, presence of extramural vascular invasion or presence of lateral lymph node.

Exclusion Criteria:

• distant metastases,
• concomitant malignancy,
• inflammatory bowel disease, or
• malabsorption syndrome.

all adult patients with newly diagnosed LARC with high risk factors for failure who were treated with TNT or standard therapy at the Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, from 2016 to 2019