Spasticity has been defined as a disorder of the sensorimotor system characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex.

The treatment goal of spasticity is Medical treatment generally combines physiotherapy with medications, depending on spasticity distribution. Systemic treatments such as oral or intrathecal baclofen are generally considered in case of generalized spasticity, whereas local treatments are considered in case of focal spasticity.

Local treatments such as Botulinum Toxin type A, phenol, and alcohol present several advantages, allowing to treat of selected muscles without the risk of sedation. As stated above, they are indicated for focal spasticity but might be helpful even in the presence of generalized spasticity with identified focal goals (Bethoux et al., 2015).

In particular, Botulinum Toxin type A (BoNT-A) is considered the gold standard treatment for focal spasticity, showing a level A evidence for spasticity reduction in upper- and lower-limb spasticity (Simpson et al., 2016).

However, current evidence is mainly focused on post-stroke spasticity (Franceschini et al., 2014), whereas it is still limited in spasticity as a consequence of other aetiologies, such as spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), or multiple sclerosis (MS).

Interestingly, spasticity is a major concern for the rehabilitation of these patients.

The aim of this observational study is the evaluation of the clinical efficacy of BoNT-A in spasticity reduction in patients affected by neurological conditions different from post-stroke spasticity, such as SCI, TBI, and MS.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age >18 years
• Spasticity as a consequence of traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury or MS (documented by clinical records)
• Muscle tone graded at least 1+ on the modified Ashworth scale in the relevant joints of the affected limb(s), which requires medical intervention
• BoNT naïve or pre-treated with any BoNT product. If previously treated with any BoNT, at least a 4 months interval between last injection and inclusion

Exclusion Criteria:

• Presence of fixed contractures or bony deformities in the affected limb
• Changes in any oral antispastic medications or specific physiotherapy regimen <4m before study entry or during the study.
• Other neurological or orthopaedic conditions involving the affected limbs.
• Sensitivity to BoNT-A or to its excipients
• Other contraindications as given in the local SmPC for BoNT-A

Adult patients with spasticity as a consequence of traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury or MS, treated with Botulinum Toxin type A.