lack of funding

The purpose of the study is to identify bacterial and fungal microbiome associated with calcium oxalate (CO) urolithiasis and renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults that are able to consent (≥ 18 years of age)
• No history of asymptomatic bacteriuria or Urinary Tract Infection within the past 1 month
• No history of coagulopathy and not on anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication at the time of surgery.
• For patients with urolithiasis, must not have a history of RCC
• For patients with RCC, must not have a history of urolithiasis
• Controls must have no history of stones, RCC, or urinary tract infection (within 1 month).
• For all participants, no antimicrobial treatment within the past month

Exclusion Criteria:

• Adults unable to consent
• For patients with urolithiasis, technical difficulty in taking renal papillae biopsy.
• History of urinary tract infection within the past 1 month
• History of coagulopathy and on anticoagulants or antiplatelets that could not be stopped perioperatively.
• Patients with nephrolithiasis and renal tumors with positive preoperative urine cultures- suggesting asymptomatic bacteriuria.
• For patients with urolithiasis, a history of RCC
• For patients with RCC, a history of urolithiasis
• Controls who have a history of stones, RCC, or urinary tract infection.
• For all participants, antimicrobial treatment within the past month.

1. Healthy participants
2. Participants with CO urolithiasis scheduled for endoscopic kidney stone removal surgery.
3. Participants with RCC who are scheduled for kidney removal surgery.