The purpose of this investigation is to determine the optimal DRT/VIM target location and its safety margins based on MR-SISET imaging features by comparing with postoperative lesions and clinical outcomes in patients with tremor who will undergo the MRgFUS tremor therapy.

Magnetic susceptibility is an important source of contrast in MRI, which arises from the subtle field perturbations generated by inter-molecular interaction in response to an external magnetic field. The DRT tract consists mainly of axon fibers covered by myelin sheaths that cause magnetic susceptibility variations. In addition, magnetic susceptibility of fiber bundle is in fact anisotropic. Such distinctive features of the DRT can generate a unique type of susceptibility contrast with respect to its neighboring thalamic tissues, yet clinically practical protocols are lacking. This study will utilize a novel MR susceptibility-based method, termed 'MR Susceptibility Imaging with Short Echo Time (MR-SISET)' which leverages short echo times to realize high contrast for direct and individualized DRT targeting. Combined with machine learning (ML) approaches, an automatic, operator-independent DRT-recognition will be achieved. This could provide a valid support to operators in the surgical planning and significantly improve the current operative methodology.

MR imaging will be done on a 3T MRI Magnet at the NYU Langone Health. All patients will undergo a routine clinical preoperative MRI of the brain under general anesthesia to reduce movement artifacts. The proposed sequence (<15 minutes) will be added as a supplementary sequence only for the preoperative imaging for subjects who agree to participate. The operator/clinician will be blinded to the results of this study for the MRgFUS treatment. A routine clinical postoperative MRI will be performed prior to discharge by the clinician, typically the following day of the MRgFUS treatment. The severity of tremor will be assessed before and after the treatment (~6 weeks). Postoperative clinical data will be retrieved to get a surgical target lesion and clinical outcome after treatment in order to confirm our method.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Male or female
• 18 years of age or older
• Any ethnic background
• History of a primary diagnosis of essential tremor or Parkinson's disease
• Present for the MRgFUS tremor treatment
• Ability to understand and agree to informed consent as determined by referring physician

Exclusion Criteria:

• Inability to give informed consent

• Contraindications for MRI, including

  1. Intracranial clips
  2. Metal implants
  3. External metallic devices/objects/clips within 10 mm of the head
  4. Suspected or confirmed metal in eyes (history of welding or similar activity)
  5. Cardiac pacemaker
  6. Pregnant or potentially pregnant - pregnancy tests will be offered to women of childbearing age at no cost to the patient. (A SOC pregnancy test (Urine test) will be done for women of child bearing age if requested/required at the time of check-in at Tisch.This will be billed to the research study). The result of the test (if performed) will be added to the patient's chart in EPIC.
  7. No vulnerable populations will be enrolled.

The de-identified participant data from the final research dataset used in the published manuscript will be shared upon reasonable request beginning 9 months and ending 36 months following article publication or as required by a condition of awards and agreements supporting the research provided the investigator who proposes to use the data executes a data use agreement with NYU Langone Health. Requests may be directed to sohae.chung@nyulangone.org. The protocol and statistical analysis plan will be made available on Clinicaltrials.gov only as required by federal regulation or as a condition of awards and agreements supporting the research.

beginning 9 months and ending 36 months following article publication

Requests may be directed to sohae.chung@nyulangone.org.

As a pilot study, the results of our method will be blinded to the clinician who will operate the MRgFUS tremor therapy in order to compare the locations of the proposed target, surgical lesion and stereotactic coordinates.