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To date, no consensus exists on which anterior surgical technique is more cost-effective to treat cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD). The most commonly used surgical treatment for patients with single- or multilevel symptomatic CDDD is anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (ACDF). However, new complaints of radiculopathy and/or myelopathy commonly develop at adjacent levels, also known as clinical adjacent segment pathology (CASP). It remains unknown to what extent kinematics, surgery-induced fusion and natural history of disease play a role in its development. Anterior cervical discectomy with arthroplasty (ACDA) is thought to reduce the incidence of CASP by preserving motion in the operated segment. ACDA is often discouraged as the implant costs are higher whilst the clinical outcomes are similar to ACDF. However, preventing CASP might be a reason for ACDA to be a more cost-effective technique in the long-term.
In this randomized controlled trial patients will be randomized to receive ACDF or ACDA in a 1:1 ratio. Adult patients with single- or multi-level CDDD and symptoms of radiculopathy and/or myelopathy will be included. The primary outcome is cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of both techniques from a societal perspective. Secondary objectives are the differences in clinical and radiological outcomes between the two techniques, as well as the qualitative process surrounding anterior decompression surgery. All outcomes will be measured at baseline and every 6 months till 4 years postoperatively.
High quality evidence regarding the cost-effectiveness of both ACDA and ACDF is lacking, to date no prospective trials from a societal perspective exist. Considering the ageing of the population and the rising healthcare costs, the need for a solid clinical cost-effectiveness trial addressing this question is high.
Cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD) is the degeneration of a cervical intervertebral disc and/or the adjoining vertebral bodies, resulting in clinical symptoms of cervical radiculopathy, myelopathy, myeloradiculopathy, and axial pain. The incidence of degenerative pathologies is significantly increasing as the population of elderly is rising. Currently, generalized spinal disc degeneration occurs in more than 90% of adults past the 5th decade of life.This age group now represents 32.8% of the population in Europe and is projected to reach 40.6% by 2050. In the next 20 years a significant increase in anterior cervical decompression surgeries is predicted in those aged 45-54, mainly affecting the working population. Complaints of radiculopathy and/or myelopathy lead to restrictions in daily life and loss of professional capability, resulting in absenteeism. Societal healthcare costs are therefore significantly affected by CDDD. The healthcare costs are driven up further when patients require surgical treatment, in combination with associated hospitalization and rehabilitation. To date, no consensus exists on which anterior surgical technique is more cost-effective to treat CDDD with radiculopathy and/or myelopathy.
One of the most common procedures for treating patients with single- or multilevel CDDD is anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (ACDF). ACDF results in fusion in 95-100%. The primary goal of ACD(F) is the relief of symptoms of radiculopathy and/or myelopathy through decompression of neural structures. Fusion in itself is not a requisite to reach this goal. In our center, ACDF with stand-alone cages is the standard procedure for CDDD. Plate-constructs are only used on indication. A common concern regarding ACDF with stand-alone cages is the occurrence of cage subsidence. In our retrospective cohort of 673 patients, only 1 patient required additional surgery due to subsidence (0.15%) [unpublished data]. Axial pain alone is not considered an indication for surgical treatment. Good short-term clinical results are achieved for both radiculopathy and myelopathy. Clinical results are independent from the technique used, and independent from occurrence of fusion. However, patient-reported satisfaction gradually decreases in the years following surgery. This is thought to be the consequence of the development of new complaints due to degenerative changes at a segment adjacent to the site of the index surgery, also known as adjacent segment pathology (ASP).
A recent consensus proposes a distinct definition of radiologic adjacent segment pathology (RASP) and clinical adjacent segment pathology (CASP). CASP occurs at an estimated cumulative rate of 1.6% to 4.2% per year after ACDF, however, a wide variety in incidence is reported in literature. About 50-75% of the patients that develop CASP require additional adjacent segment surgery. In our retrospective cohort, we observed a rate of 2.1% CASP per year, with an additional adjacent segment surgery rate of 1.5% per year. Moreover, we found that half of these patients undergo additional surgery for CASP within 2.5 years, which suggests a peak incidence in the first years following index surgery. The underlying mechanism of ASP remains a matter of debate. Besides natural degeneration, compensation for the loss of motion in the fused segment is thought to cause overstraining of the adjacent segments. Altered cervical sagittal alignment is also thought to be of importance in the accelerated development of CASP. Higher rates of CASP are observed after ACD, concomitant with an increased segmental kyphosis at the index level. Unlike ACD, ACDF with plate-constructs restore cervical sagittal lordosis. However, a higher rate of ASP is observed in those with plate-constructs in comparison to ACDF with stand-alone cages. The higher rate of ASP after ACDF with plate-constructs might be explained by strain on the adjacent segments by the plate, or more extensive surgical preparation for installing the plate increasing the chance on destruction of the adjacent level. Another contributing factor might be the occurrence of subsidence of the plate-construct into the adjacent segment. Disc height at the adjacent segments is found to be significantly decreased in those with plate-constructs, which supports this theory. It remains unknown to what extent altered cervical motion influences the development of ASP.
Anterior cervical discectomy with arthroplasty (ACDA) was developed to reduce the incidence of CASP by preserving motion in the operated segment. Previously conducted research in patients with radiculopathy and/or myelopathy has shown no significant differences in clinical or radiological outcomes amongst ACDA and ACD(F). A meta-analysis found better neurological outcomes in patients with myelopathy after ACDA, in contrast to the pre-existing notion that ACDA leads to less favorable outcomes in myelopathy due to micro-trauma caused by preserved mobility. Moreover, additional adjacent segment surgery rates are significantly lower for ACDA, both for single- and multilevel surgeries. The difference in additional adjacent segment surgery rates between ACDA and ACDF expands exponentially with a longer-follow-up time. ACDA is often discouraged as the implant costs are higher than those for ACDF whilst clinical outcomes are similar. However, preventing new complaints and additional surgeries due to CASP might be a reason for ACDA to be a more cost-effective technique in the long-term. A systematic review of economic evaluations in anterior cervical decompression surgery was conducted by our research group. The majority of studies report ACDA to be the most cost-effective technique despite higher implant costs. Literature was however strongly heterogeneous and of low quality.
In conclusion, there is increasing evidence suggesting that ACDA might be the more cost-effective technique because of a reduced risk on CASP and associated additional surgery rates, compared to ACD(F). High quality evidence regarding the cost-effectiveness of both ACDA and ACDF is lacking, especially in Europe. Therefore, the need for a solid clinical cost-effectiveness trial addressing this question is high.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACDF | Active Comparator | Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. |
|
| ACDA | Experimental | Anterior cervical discectomy with arthroplasty. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACDF | Procedure | Standard operative treatment for anterior cervical discectomy. Through a right or left-sided approach the disc space contents are resected. The endplates are prepared with curettes and the disc space contents are removed. The posterior longitudinal ligament is opened. The dura is visualized to ensure adequate decompression. A cage is implanted in the disc space. The disc removal and cage implantation can be performed at a single level or at multiple levels. The wound is closed in layers, after a prevertebral wound drain is placed. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Costs | Costs will be determined from a societal perspective. Validated cost questionnaires for societal costs, including medical consumption, both paid and unpaid loss of productivity for patients. :
Informal caregivers will be asked to fill out the Limited Valuation of Informal Care Questionnaire (iVICQ):
| 4 years |
| Effectiveness | In the CUA, the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) will be expressed as the incremental costs per QALY. Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) will be determined by Generic Quality of Life assessed based on the EuroQol utility scores (EQ-5D-5L). The EQ-5D-5L essentially consists of 2 pages: the EQ-5D descriptive system and the EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS). The descriptive system comprises five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels: no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems and extreme problems. The patient is asked to indicate his/her health state by ticking the box next to the most appropriate statement in each of the five dimensions. This decision results in a 1-digit number that expresses the level selected for that dimension. The digits for the five dimensions can be combined into a 5-digit number that describes the patient's health state. | 4 years |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| CASP | The rate of clinical adjacent segment pathology and associated additional surgeries will be assessed. | 4 years |
| Radiological Outcomes | At 3 time points; pre-operatively, directly post-operative and one-year post-operative.
|
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion criteria
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valérie Schuermans, MD | Contact | 0031433875001 | valerie.schuermans@mumc.nl | |
| Anouk Smeets, MD, PhD | Contact | 0031433875001 | anouk.smeets@mumc.nl |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Anouk Smeets, MD, PhD, Professor | Maastricht University Medical Center | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zuyderland Medical Center | Recruiting | Maastricht | Limburg | 6419 PC | Netherlands |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8186959 | Background | Radhakrishnan K, Litchy WJ, O'Fallon WM, Kurland LT. Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy. A population-based study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990. Brain. 1994 Apr;117 ( Pt 2):325-35. doi: 10.1093/brain/117.2.325. | |
| 8741140 | Background | Salemi G, Savettieri G, Meneghini F, Di Benedetto ME, Ragonese P, Morgante L, Reggio A, Patti F, Grigoletto F, Di Perri R. Prevalence of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy: a door-to-door survey in a Sicilian municipality. Acta Neurol Scand. 1996 Feb-Mar;93(2-3):184-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1996.tb00196.x. |
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Prospective Single-blind Randomised Controlled Trial with computer randomization in a 1:1 ratio
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Participants will be blinded until one-year after allocation.
|
|
| ACDA | Procedure | The start of the procedure is the same as in the ACDF group. After the discectomy, a cervical disc prosthesis is placed in the disc space instead of a cage, in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol for implantation and endplate preparation. The disc removal and arthrodesis implantation can be performed at a single level or at multiple levels. Wound closure is similar to the ACDF procedure. |
|
|
| 1 year |
| Neck Disability Index (NDI). | It is a patient-completed, condition-specific functional status questionnaire with 10 items including pain, personal care, lifting, reading, headaches, concentration, work, driving, sleeping, and recreation. Each question is scored on a 0-5 scale, where 0 is no disability and 5 is the maximal disability possible | 4 years |
| Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for neck and arm pain. | Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for neck and arm pain. Neck and arm pain are assessed separately on a horizontal 10 cm visual scale, varying from 0 cm (no pain) to 10 cm (worst pain imaginable) | 4 years |
| Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) | A fourteen-item scale, to determine the anxiety and depression level. Consisting of a 7-item depression scale and a 7-item anxiety scale. The score ranges from 0-21 with a high score being indicative for depression/anxiety (≥ 8) | 4 years |
| modified Japanese Orthopedic Association score (mJOA) | modified Japanese Orthopedic Association score (mJOA) for myelopathy. patients. An investigator-administered tool used to evaluate neurological function in patients with cervical myelopathy. It is an 18-point scale that addresses upper (5 points) and lower extremity (7 points) motor function, sensation (3 points) and micturition (3 points). A score of 18 reflects no neurological deficits whereas a lower score indicates a greater degree of disability and functional impairment | 4 years |
| Process Evaluation | Moreover, a process evaluation will be performed to determine the underlying values, needs, impacts and preferences of people with CDDD. The focus will be experiences and opinions of patients, caregivers, and professionals concerning the process surrounding ACDA and ACDF. A process evaluation might also identify gaps or limitations in published research with regards to important outcomes to those with lived experience. A qualitative analysis will be performed according to the framework provided by Saunders et al. | 4 years |
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| 36028916 | Derived | Schuermans VNE, Smeets AYJM, Boselie TFM, Candel MJJM, Curfs I, Evers SMAA, Van Santbrink H. Research protocol: Cervical Arthroplasty Cost Effectiveness Study (CACES): economic evaluation of anterior cervical discectomy with arthroplasty (ACDA) versus anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (ACDF) in the surgical treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease - a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2022 Aug 26;23(1):715. doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06574-5. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011843 | Radiculopathy |
| D013117 | Spinal Cord Compression |
| D013118 | Spinal Cord Diseases |
| D055009 | Spondylosis |
| D007714 | Klippel-Feil Syndrome |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010523 | Peripheral Nervous System Diseases |
| D009468 | Neuromuscular Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D013119 | Spinal Cord Injuries |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D013122 | Spinal Diseases |
| D001847 | Bone Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D004413 | Dysostoses |
| D001848 | Bone Diseases, Developmental |
| D009139 | Musculoskeletal Abnormalities |
| D000013 | Congenital Abnormalities |
| D009358 | Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities |
Not provided
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050939 | Gene Fusion |
| D001178 | Arthroplasty |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011995 | Recombination, Genetic |
| D055614 | Genetic Phenomena |
| D019637 | Orthopedic Procedures |
| D013514 | Surgical Procedures, Operative |
| D019651 | Plastic Surgery Procedures |
Not provided
Not provided