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The main purpose of this study is to compare two different exercise approaches during the radiotherapy period in patients who have undergone breast cancer surgery.
Exercise therapies are effective methods in the treatment of complications after breast cancer surgery. The study aims to compare exercise practices with virtual reality-based exercise training during radiotherapy period after breast cancer surgery. Patients were randomly divided into 3 groups as virtual reality group, exercise group, and control group, considering the order of arrival at the clinic and the type of surgery (mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery). Patients in virtual reality group received virtual reality-based exercise training using Microsoft Xbox 360 Kinect (Redmond, WA). Patients in exercise group received an exercise program including range of motion, posture, stretching and breathing exercises. Both exercise groups participated in the exercise program for 30- 40 minutes, 3 days a week, as long as radiotherapy continued (5-6 weeks). Patients in the control group did not receive any exercise intervention as is done in the current practice. Assessment methods were applied at the beginning and at the end of the radiotherapy for all groups. Shoulder range of motion was measured using universal goniometer. Hand grip strength was measured using Jamar hand dynamometer. Shoulder proprioception was measured using Cybex (Lumex,NY,USA) isokinetic dynamometer. Upper extremity functional status, kinesiophobia, anxiety and depression level, fatigue and quality of life were evaluated with various questionnaires.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality-based Exercise Group | Experimental | Virtual reality-based exercises, breathing exercises and patient education on general considerations. Virtual reality-based exercises were done using the "Microsoft Xbox 360 Kinect" system. Among the 'Kinect Sports' games, especially tennis, table tennis, boxing and bowling games including upper extremity movements were selected. These games require all-directional and repetitive motion of the shoulder and elbow joint. Patients played the games using the operated / affected side arms. Between games, the patient was rested in a chair. In the meantime, deep breathing exercises were done. The patients participated in virtual reality-based exercises 3 days a week (15-18 sessions in total) during the radiotherapy treatment continued (5-6 weeks). Each exercise session was set to last 30-40 minutes in total. |
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| Exercise Group | Experimental | Stretching exercises, range of motion exercises, posture exercises, breathing exercises and patient education on general considerations. 11 different exercises consisting of shoulder range of motion in all directions, stretching exercises, posture exercises and breathing exercises were performed in the presence of a physiotherapist.The patients participated in this exercise program 3 days a week (15-18 sessions in total) during the radiotherapy treatment continued (5-6 weeks). One session of the exercises was completed in an average of 30-40 minutes. The same exercises were repeated in each session. |
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| Control Group | No Intervention | Only patient education on general considerations. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual reality-based exercise | Other | Virtual reality-based exercises with "Microsoft Xbox 360 Kinect" and breathing exercises. Patient education |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in the shoulder range of motion | Universal Goniometer | Baseline and after the exercise training (5-6 weeks) |
| Change in the grip strength assessed by hydraulic hand dynamometer | Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer | Baseline and after the exercise training (5-6 weeks) |
| Change in the shoulder proprioception assessed by isokinetic dynamometer | Cybex 770 Norm isokinetic dynamometer (Lumex Inc. NY,USA) | Baseline and after the exercise training (5-6 weeks) |
| Change in circumference of upper extremities | Lymphedema circumference measurement | Baseline and after the exercise training (5-6 weeks) |
| Change in the functionality of upper extremities assessed by the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire | The Turkish version of the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire is used to evaluate functional status of upper extremities. The questionnaire consists of 30 questions. A score between 0-100 is obtained from the questionnaire. 0 point means "no disability", 100 point means "maximum level of disability". | Baseline and after the exercise training (5-6 weeks) |
| Change in kinesiophobia assessed by theTampa Kinesiophobia Scale | The Turkish version of theTampa Kinesiophobia Scale was used to determine the level of kinesiophobia. 4-point Likert scoring (1 = Strongly disagree, 4 = Strongly agree) is used in the scale. After reversing items 4, 8, 12 and 16, a total score is calculated. A score between 17-68 is obtained from the scale. The higher scores indicate higher kinesiophobia level. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Patient Satisfaction | The motivation of the exercises, the state of enjoying the exercise, believing that the exercise is beneficial, and the patient's willingness to continue the exercise were evaluated with 4 questions that they could answer with Likert-type answers. | Patient satisfaction was evaluated at the end of the 5-6 week exercise training. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ä°lknur Onurlu, PhD | Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gazi University Faculty of Health Sciences | Ankara | Emek | 06490 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001943 | Breast Neoplasms |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009371 | Neoplasms by Site |
| D009369 | Neoplasms |
| D001941 | Breast Diseases |
| D012871 | Skin Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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| Exercise | Other | Shoulder range of motion, stretching, posture and breathing exercises. Patient education |
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| Baseline and after the exercise training (5-6 weeks) |
| Change in anxiety and depression level assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | The Turkish version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to determine the anxiety and depression level. The scale consists of 14 questions in total. 7 of the questions measure depression, 7 measure anxiety. A total score between 0-42 is obtained from the sum of the anxiety and depression scores. The higher scores indivate higher depression and /or anxiety. | Baseline and after the exercise training (5-6 weeks) |
| Change in fatigue assessed by Piper Fatigue Scale | The Turkish version of Piper Fatigue Scale was used to determine the level of fatigue. The scale consists of 22 items (0-10 points) and 4 subscales: behavioral/severitiy (6 items), affective meaning (5 items), sensory (5 items) and cognitive/mood (6 items). Each subscale is scored individually and then aggregated together for an overall score. Higher scores indicate more fatigue. As a result of the average score; 0 points are interpreted as no fatigue, 1-3 points mild fatigue, 4-6 points moderate fatigue, 7-10 points severe fatigue. There are also 5 more questions in the scale that are not used in the subscale or total score calculation. These open-ended questions are about the duration of perceived fatigue, its causes, methods to alleviate fatigue and associated symptoms. They provide qualitative data. | Baseline and after the exercise training (5-6 weeks) |
| Change in quality of life assessed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) | The Turkish version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) was used to evaluate quality of life level. It contains five functioning scales (physical, social, role, cognitive, and emotional functioning), eight symptom scales (fatigue, nausea/vomiting, pain, dyspnea, sleep disturbances, appetite loss, constipation, and diarrhea), financial impact, and overall quality of life. All scale scores are converted to range from 0 to 100. higher scores indicate better functioning for the functioning scales and overall quality of life; higher scores indicate higher symptom burden for the symptom scales. | Baseline and after the exercise training (5-6 weeks) |
| D017437 |
| Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases |
| D001519 | Behavior |