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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| University of California, Los Angeles | OTHER |
| Sacred Path Indigenous Wellness Center | OTHER |
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This study responds to Request For Application-DA-19-035, HEAL (Helping End Addiction Long Term) initiative: Preventing OUD in Older Adolescents and Young Adults (ages 16-30) by developing and implementing a culturally centered intervention to address opioid use among urban AI/AN emerging adults in California. The primary goal of this study is to compare AI/AN emerging adults who receive TACUNA plus a Wellness Circle (WC) to those AI/AN emerging adults who receive an opioid education workshop on outcomes (e.g., opioid misuse and alcohol and other drug use) over a period of 12 months. TACUNA will be a motivational interviewing group intervention that incorporates traditional practices and discussion of how to cultivate healthy social networks and cultural worlds. The Wellness gathering will be for emerging adults and people in their social network, and will focus on how social networks and cultural connectedness influence healthy behaviors. Opioid education will focus on discussion of opioid misuse within the AI/AN urban community and ways to reduce use in a culturally appropriate manner. Investigators expect those who receive TACUNA + WG will report less opioid and AOD (alcohol and other drug) use frequency, fewer consequences, less time spent around peers who use opioids and AOD, and less perceived prevalence of peer use compared to opioid education over a period of 12 months. Also, investigators will evaluate the intervention's effects on secondary outcomes of social networks and cultural connectedness. Survey data is collected at baseline, 3-months, 6-months and 12-months. Longitudinal analyses will compare intervention participant and control participants on primary and secondary outcomes.
Data from 2015 show that American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) have the highest rates of diagnosis for opioid use disorders (OUD) and deaths from drug overdose. Misuse of prescription opioids, defined here as taking opioid medications in a manner or dose other than prescribed or for hedonic effects, and the use of heroin, have emerged as major public health concerns in the United States. Of particular concern is the prevalence of opioid use among emerging adults (ages 18-25) as this is a developmental period of heightened vulnerability and critical social, neurological, and psychological development.
Unique risk factors may predispose urban AI/AN young adults to use opioids, alcohol or other drugs. For example, experiences of acculturative stress directly and indirectly associated with historical trauma experienced by AI/ANs throughout U.S. history result in poor health outcomes. One U.S. law that has been postulated to contribute to various health disparities among urban AI/ANs is the Relocation Act of 1956. This Act financed the relocation of individual AIs and AI families to job training centers in designated U.S. cities. Rather than establishing economic stability, large numbers of AIs who moved to urban areas became unemployed, homeless, and disconnected from their community-based support networks. This relocation appears to have contributed to an inter-generational effect whereby successive generations of urban AIs and ANs continue to experience various health-related disparities. Our work with urban AI/AN adolescents highlighted that many experience stress related to identity in the form of both subtle (e.g., being asked whether one is a "real" Indian) and overt (e.g., being called a racist name like Squaw or Red Skin) discrimination. Programming that incorporates traditional practices, promotes community involvement, and encourages healthy notions of AI/AN identity may increase well-being and healthy behaviors by addressing sources of stress linked to cultural identity, stigma, and community connections. However, few evidence-based programs that integrate these cultural elements have been developed, implemented, and evaluated with urban AI/AN using a strong research design. The current study substantially extends work with AI/AN emerging adults by adapting and testing an integrated culturally appropriate MI and social network intervention to address opioid and other AOD (alcohol and other drug) misuse at both the individual and community level.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| TACUNA | Experimental | Randomized participants will attend 3 virtual TACUNA workshops, focused on behavioral, physical, and spiritual domains, and designed to guide AI/AN youth to make healthy choices surrounding opioid and AOD use. They will also attend a Wellness Circle, focused on healthy social networks and engaging in traditional practices. |
|
| Opioid education | Active Comparator | Randomized participants will attend 1 virtual opioid education workshop, focused on behavioral and physical domains, and designed to guide AI/AN youth to make healthy choices surrounding opioid and AOD use. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TACUNA plus Wellness Circle | Behavioral | TACUNA provides three virtual workshops (one hour each) that use motivational interviewing and a virtual Wellness Circle (WC). The workshops combine a 30-minute discussion of opioid, alcohol and marijuana use, and social networks with another 30 minutes focused on three different traditional practices (one per workshop). TACUNA was adapted from our three-session workshop, MICUNAY (Motivational Interviewing and Culture for Urban Native American Youth) protocol, which was developed and tested for urban AI/AN adolescents and from focus groups conducted in Year 1. For the Wellness Circle, youth will have members of their social network virtually attend these once-a-month gatherings. The WC will bring people together to celebrate health and wellness and tradition. The WC will focus on the importance of social networks in making healthy choices, and provide discussion on the role that AOD use and engagement in traditional practices among members of their social networks affect their choices. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Alcohol Use Past 3 Months | Survey asks number of times had "At least one drink of alcohol." Response was on a scale with options 0=none, 1=1 time, 2=2 times, 3=3-5 times, 4=6-9 times, 5=10-19 times, 6=20-30 times, and 7=31+ times. Responses were translated to actual number of times by taking the midpoints of intervals, e.g. response 3 ("3-5 times") coded as 4 times. To be conservative values were rounded down when the midpoint was not an integer, e.g. response 4 ("6-9 times") coded as 7 times. Response 7 ("31+ times") was coded as 31 times. | 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline |
| Cannabis Use Past 3 Months | Survey asks how many times participant used "Marijuana (cannabis, pot, weed, hash)." Response was on a scale with options 0=none, 1=1 time, 2=2 times, 3=3-5 times, 4=6-9 times, 5=10-19 times, 6=20-30 times, and 7=31+ times. Responses were translated to actual number of times by taking the midpoints of intervals, e.g. response 3 ("3-5 times") coded as 4 times. To be conservative values were rounded down when the midpoint was not an integer, e.g. response 4 ("6-9 times") coded as 7 times. Response 7 ("31+ times") was coded as 31 times. | 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline |
| Most Drinks in One Day During the Past Month | If participant reports any drinks in past month, survey asks "What is the largest number of drinks you had on any day in the PAST MONTH (30 DAYS)?" Response options range from 1 (a few sips) to 17 (15 or more drinks) | 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline |
| Amount of Cannabis Used Per Day When Using | Participants reporting lifetime marijuana use were asked "On the days you use marijuana, about how much marijuana flower/bud do you personally consume?" with response options ranging from 1="less than 0.25g" to 10="more than 5g." | 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline |
| Opioid Use Past 3 Months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Cultural Connectedness | Measured using the Sense of Community Index-2. Mean of 24 items about AI/AN communities (example: "I get important needs of mine met because I am part of this community") with response options ranging from 0=not at all to 3=completely, with higher values indicating a greater sense of community | 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Elizabeth D'Amico, PhD | RAND | Principal Investigator |
| Daniel Dickerson, DO, MPH | UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United American Indian Involvement, Inc | Los Angeles | California | 90017 | United States | ||
| UCLA |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41085955 | Derived | Kuklinski MR, Gibbons BJ, Bowser DM, McCollister KE, Smart R, Dunlap LJ, Shenkar E, Bonar EE, Boomer T, Campbell M, Fiellin LE, Hutton DW, Rao V, Saldana L, Su K, Walton MA, Yilmazer T. Investing in Interventions to Prevent Opioid Use Disorder in Adolescents and Young Adults: Start-up Costs from NIDA's HEAL Prevention Initiative. Prev Sci. 2025 Nov;26(7):1045-1055. doi: 10.1007/s11121-025-01835-6. Epub 2025 Oct 14. | |
| 37023284 | Derived |
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Flow info is for Phase 2 (P2) only. Phase 1 (P1, discovery phase) informed P2 (clinical trial phase) via focus groups of participants that were not part of the P2 clinical trial. Parents & providers--all lacking eligibility in the clinical trial--also participated in P1 focus groups. No NCT# was created for P1 as it was not an RCT phase. Additionally, P1 was funded under a separate NIH award number (UG3DA050235) and recruited under a separate IRB protocol. P2 funding award number: UH3DA050235.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | TACUNA | Randomized participants will attend 3 virtual TACUNA workshops, focused on behavioral, physical, and spiritual domains, and designed to guide AI/AN youth to make healthy choices surrounding opioid and AOD use. They will also attend a Wellness Circle, focused on healthy social networks and engaging in traditional practices. TACUNA plus Wellness Circle: TACUNA provides three virtual workshops (one hour each) that use motivational interviewing and a virtual Wellness Circle (WC). The workshops combine a 30-minute discussion of opioid, alcohol and marijuana use, and social networks with another 30 minutes focused on three different traditional practices (one per workshop). TACUNA was adapted from our three-session workshop, MICUNAY (Motivational Interviewing and Culture for Urban Native American Youth) protocol, which was developed and tested for urban AI/AN adolescents and from focus groups conducted in Year 1. For the Wellness Circle, youth will have members of their social network virtually attend these once-a-month gatherings. The WC will bring people together to celebrate health and wellness and tradition. The WC will focus on the importance of social networks in making healthy choices, and provide discussion on the role that AOD use and engagement in traditional practices among members of their social networks affect their choices. |
| FG001 | Opioid Education | Randomized participants will attend 1 virtual opioid education workshop, focused on behavioral and physical domains, and designed to guide AI/AN youth to make healthy choices surrounding opioid and AOD use. Opioid Education Workshop: The virtual opioid education workshop draws from prevention and education materials supplied and recommended by the National AI/AN Technology and Transfer Center, which is funded by SAMHSA. Materials are culturally relevant educational packages addressing opioid use through recorded webinars, toolkits, and other resources. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | TACUNA | Randomized participants will attend 3 virtual TACUNA workshops, focused on behavioral, physical, and spiritual domains, and designed to guide AI/AN youth to make healthy choices surrounding opioid and AOD use. They will also attend a Wellness Circle, focused on healthy social networks and engaging in traditional practices. TACUNA plus Wellness Circle: TACUNA provides three virtual workshops (one hour each) that use motivational interviewing and a virtual Wellness Circle (WC). The workshops combine a 30-minute discussion of opioid, alcohol and marijuana use, and social networks with another 30 minutes focused on three different traditional practices (one per workshop). TACUNA was adapted from our three-session workshop, MICUNAY (Motivational Interviewing and Culture for Urban Native American Youth) protocol, which was developed and tested for urban AI/AN adolescents and from focus groups conducted in Year 1. For the Wellness Circle, youth will have members of their social network virtually attend these once-a-month gatherings. The WC will bring people together to celebrate health and wellness and tradition. The WC will focus on the importance of social networks in making healthy choices, and provide discussion on the role that AOD use and engagement in traditional practices among members of their social networks affect their choices. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Alcohol Use Past 3 Months | Survey asks number of times had "At least one drink of alcohol." Response was on a scale with options 0=none, 1=1 time, 2=2 times, 3=3-5 times, 4=6-9 times, 5=10-19 times, 6=20-30 times, and 7=31+ times. Responses were translated to actual number of times by taking the midpoints of intervals, e.g. response 3 ("3-5 times") coded as 4 times. To be conservative values were rounded down when the midpoint was not an integer, e.g. response 4 ("6-9 times") coded as 7 times. Response 7 ("31+ times") was coded as 31 times. | Some participants were lost to follow-up. Though the sample size at each time point is less than the overall number of participants analyzed, data from all 541 (279+262) participants were included in this statistical analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | drink events | 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline |
|
44 months
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | TACUNA | Randomized participants will attend 3 virtual TACUNA workshops, focused on behavioral, physical, and spiritual domains, and designed to guide AI/AN youth to make healthy choices surrounding opioid and AOD use. They will also attend a Wellness Circle, focused on healthy social networks and engaging in traditional practices. TACUNA plus Wellness Circle: TACUNA provides three virtual workshops (one hour each) that use motivational interviewing and a virtual Wellness Circle (WC). The workshops combine a 30-minute discussion of opioid, alcohol and marijuana use, and social networks with another 30 minutes focused on three different traditional practices (one per workshop). TACUNA was adapted from our three-session workshop, MICUNAY (Motivational Interviewing and Culture for Urban Native American Youth) protocol, which was developed and tested for urban AI/AN adolescents and from focus groups conducted in Year 1. For the Wellness Circle, youth will have members of their social network virtually attend these once-a-month gatherings. The WC will bring people together to celebrate health and wellness and tradition. The WC will focus on the importance of social networks in making healthy choices, and provide discussion on the role that AOD use and engagement in traditional practices among members of their social networks affect their choices. |
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| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suicidal ideation | General disorders | Systematic Assessment | 100% of reported AEs were instances of participants endorsing suicidal ideation in the PHQ. |
All AEs endorsed suicidal ideation in the PHQ. Those endorsing a 1 (several days) were reported to the IRB and PO quarterly. Those with a 2 or a 3 (more than half the days; nearly every day) were reported w/in 1 business day. Phase 1 (P1) informed Phase 2 (CT phase) via focus groups that included participants not part of Phase 2. Parents & providers--all lacking eligibility in the CT--were also part of Phase 1. No NCT# for P1 as it was not an RCT. P1 was funded under a separate NIH award number.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elizabeth D'Amico | RAND Corporation | 310-393-0411 | 6487 | damico@rand.org |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jun 4, 2020 | May 11, 2026 | Prot_SAP_003.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Jan 18, 2023 | Feb 9, 2023 | ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000428 | Alcohol Drinking |
| D000074609 | Marijuana Use |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004327 | Drinking Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D019966 | Substance-Related Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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|
| Opioid Education Workshop | Behavioral | The virtual opioid education workshop draws from prevention and education materials supplied and recommended by the National AI/AN Technology and Transfer Center, which is funded by SAMHSA. Materials are culturally relevant educational packages addressing opioid use through recorded webinars, toolkits, and other resources. |
|
Measure Description: Survey asks number of times used "Prescription opioid." Response was on a scale with options 0=none, 1=1 time, 2=2 times, 3=3-5 times, 4=6-9 times, 5=10-19 times, 6=20-30 times, and 7=31+ times. Responses were translated to actual number of times by taking the midpoints of intervals, e.g. response 3 ("3-5 times") coded as 4 times. To be conservative values were rounded down when the midpoint was not an integer, e.g. response 4 ("6-9 times") coded as 7 times. Response 7 ("31+ times") was coded as 31 times. |
| 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline |
| Los Angeles |
| California |
| 90095 |
| United States |
| RAND Corporation | Santa Monica | California | 90401 | United States |
| D'Amico EJ, Kennedy DP, Malika N, Klein DJ, Brown RA, Rodriguez A, Johnson CL, Schweigman K, Arvizu-Sanchez V, Etz K, Dickerson DL. Risk and protective factors of social networks on alcohol, cannabis, and opioid use among urban American Indian/Alaska Native emerging adults. Psychol Addict Behav. 2023 Aug;37(5):657-669. doi: 10.1037/adb0000918. Epub 2023 Apr 6. |
| 36180896 | Derived | Kennedy DP, D'Amico EJ, Brown RA, Palimaru AI, Dickerson DL, Johnson CL, Lopez A. Feasibility and acceptability of incorporating social network visualizations into a culturally centered motivational network intervention to prevent substance use among urban Native American emerging adults: a qualitative study. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2022 Sep 30;17(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s13722-022-00334-1. |
| 34565444 | Derived | D'Amico EJ, Dickerson DL, Rodriguez A, Brown RA, Kennedy DP, Palimaru AI, Johnson C, Smart R, Klein DJ, Parker J, McDonald K, Woodward MJ, Gudgell N. Integrating traditional practices and social network visualization to prevent substance use: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial among urban Native American emerging adults. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2021 Sep 26;16(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s13722-021-00265-3. |
| BG001 | Opioid Education | Randomized participants will attend 1 virtual opioid education workshop, focused on behavioral and physical domains, and designed to guide AI/AN youth to make healthy choices surrounding opioid and AOD use. Opioid Education Workshop: The virtual opioid education workshop draws from prevention and education materials supplied and recommended by the National AI/AN Technology and Transfer Center, which is funded by SAMHSA. Materials are culturally relevant educational packages addressing opioid use through recorded webinars, toolkits, and other resources. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Alcohol Use Past 3 Months | Survey asks number of times had "At least one drink of alcohol." Response was on a scale with options 0=none, 1=1 time, 2=2 times, 3=3-5 times, 4=6-9 times, 5=10-19 times, 6=20-30 times, and 7=31+ times. Responses were translated to actual number of times by taking the midpoints of intervals, e.g. response 3 ("3-5 times") coded as 4 times. To be conservative values were rounded down when the midpoint was not an integer, e.g. response 4 ("6-9 times") coded as 7 times. Response 7 ("31+ times") was coded as 31 times. | Mean | Standard Deviation | drink events |
|
| Cannabis use past 3 months | Survey asks how many times participant used "Marijuana (cannabis, pot, weed, hash)." Response was on a scale with options 0=none, 1=1 time, 2=2 times, 3=3-5 times, 4=6-9 times, 5=10-19 times, 6=20-30 times, and 7=31+ times. Responses were translated to actual number of times by taking the midpoints of intervals, e.g. response 3 ("3-5 times") coded as 4 times. To be conservative values were rounded down when the midpoint was not an integer, e.g. response 4 ("6-9 times") coded as 7 times. Response 7 ("31+ times") was coded as 31 times. | Mean | Standard Deviation | marijuana use events |
|
| Most drinks in one day during the past month | If participant reports any drinks in past month, survey asks "What is the largest number of drinks you had on any day in the PAST MONTH (30 DAYS)?" Response options range from 1 (a few sips) to 17 (15 or more drinks) | This question was only asked of those who reported any drinking in the past month | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Amount of cannabis used per day when using | Participants reporting lifetime marijuana use were asked "On the days you use marijuana, about how much marijuana flower/bud do you personally consume?" with response options ranging from 1="less than 0.25g" to 10="more than 5g." | Question was only asked of participants who report lifetime marijuana use. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Cultural connectedness | Measured using the Sense of Community Index-2. Mean of 24 items about AI/AN communities (example: "I get important needs of mine met because I am part of this community") with response options ranging from 0=not at all to 3=completely, with higher values indicating a greater sense of community | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Opioid Use Past 3 Months | Survey asks number of times used "Prescription opioid." Response was on a scale with options 0=none, 1=1 time, 2=2 times, 3=3-5 times, 4=6-9 times, 5=10-19 times, 6=20-30 times, and 7=31+ times. Responses were translated to actual number of times by taking the midpoints of intervals, e.g. response 3 ("3-5 times") coded as 4 times. To be conservative values were rounded down when the midpoint was not an integer, e.g. response 4 ("6-9 times") coded as 7 times. Response 7 ("31+ times") was coded as 31 times. | Mean | Standard Deviation | opioid use events |
|
| OG001 | Opioid Education | Randomized participants will attend 1 virtual opioid education workshop, focused on behavioral and physical domains, and designed to guide AI/AN youth to make healthy choices surrounding opioid and AOD use. Opioid Education Workshop: The virtual opioid education workshop draws from prevention and education materials supplied and recommended by the National AI/AN Technology and Transfer Center, which is funded by SAMHSA. Materials are culturally relevant educational packages addressing opioid use through recorded webinars, toolkits, and other resources. |
|
|
|
| Primary | Cannabis Use Past 3 Months | Survey asks how many times participant used "Marijuana (cannabis, pot, weed, hash)." Response was on a scale with options 0=none, 1=1 time, 2=2 times, 3=3-5 times, 4=6-9 times, 5=10-19 times, 6=20-30 times, and 7=31+ times. Responses were translated to actual number of times by taking the midpoints of intervals, e.g. response 3 ("3-5 times") coded as 4 times. To be conservative values were rounded down when the midpoint was not an integer, e.g. response 4 ("6-9 times") coded as 7 times. Response 7 ("31+ times") was coded as 31 times. | Some participants were lost to follow-up. Though the sample size at each time point is less than the overall number of participants analyzed, data from all 541 (279+262) participants were included in this statistical analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | marijuana use events | 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Most Drinks in One Day During the Past Month | If participant reports any drinks in past month, survey asks "What is the largest number of drinks you had on any day in the PAST MONTH (30 DAYS)?" Response options range from 1 (a few sips) to 17 (15 or more drinks) | This question was only asked of those who reported any drinking in the past month. Moreover, some participants were lost to follow-up. Data from participants with response at any of the 4 time points were included in statistical analysis | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Amount of Cannabis Used Per Day When Using | Participants reporting lifetime marijuana use were asked "On the days you use marijuana, about how much marijuana flower/bud do you personally consume?" with response options ranging from 1="less than 0.25g" to 10="more than 5g." | Question was only asked of participants who report lifetime marijuana use. Moreover, some participants were lost to follow-up. Data from participants with a response at any of the 4 time points were included in statistical analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Opioid Use Past 3 Months | Measure Description: Survey asks number of times used "Prescription opioid." Response was on a scale with options 0=none, 1=1 time, 2=2 times, 3=3-5 times, 4=6-9 times, 5=10-19 times, 6=20-30 times, and 7=31+ times. Responses were translated to actual number of times by taking the midpoints of intervals, e.g. response 3 ("3-5 times") coded as 4 times. To be conservative values were rounded down when the midpoint was not an integer, e.g. response 4 ("6-9 times") coded as 7 times. Response 7 ("31+ times") was coded as 31 times. | Some participants were lost to follow-up. Though the sample size at each time point is less than the overall number of participants analyzed, data from all 541 (279+262) participants would have been included in this statistical analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | opioid use events | 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Cultural Connectedness | Measured using the Sense of Community Index-2. Mean of 24 items about AI/AN communities (example: "I get important needs of mine met because I am part of this community") with response options ranging from 0=not at all to 3=completely, with higher values indicating a greater sense of community | Some participants were lost to follow-up. Though the sample size at each time point is less than the overall number of participants analyzed, data from all 541 (279+262) participants were included in this statistical analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline |
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 279 |
| 0 |
| 279 |
| 79 |
| 279 |
| EG001 | Opioid Education | Randomized participants will attend 1 virtual opioid education workshop, focused on behavioral and physical domains, and designed to guide AI/AN youth to make healthy choices surrounding opioid and AOD use. Opioid Education Workshop: The virtual opioid education workshop draws from prevention and education materials supplied and recommended by the National AI/AN Technology and Transfer Center, which is funded by SAMHSA. Materials are culturally relevant educational packages addressing opioid use through recorded webinars, toolkits, and other resources. | 0 | 262 | 0 | 262 | 83 | 262 |
|
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| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
|
| Black or African American |
|
| White |
|
| More than one race |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| 6 month FU |
|
|
| 12 month FU |
|
|
| 6 month FU |
|
|
| 12 month FU |
|
|
| 6 month FU |
|
|
| 12 month FU |
|
|
| 6 month FU |
|
|
| 12 month FU |
|
|
| 6 month FU |
|
|
| 12 month FU |
|
|