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This study will study the effects associated with the prescription of phentermine in a virtual setting, comparing with prescription of phentermine via a standard face-to-face visit for patients with obesity or overweight.
Obesity is a major healthcare problem in the United States affecting over one-third of the population, often increasing the risk of other comorbidities like hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (1) and is also associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death. Modest weight loss of 5% has been associated with improvement in obesity as well as obesity related comorbidities and quality of life. (2) The cornerstone for treatment of obesity is behavioral modification and lifestyle changes including dietary modification and physical activity. (3) Adaptive physiologic responses due to increased appetite makes it difficult to achieve weight loss with lifestyle intervention alone. Anti-obesity medications (AOM) are often required as adjuvant therapy for weight loss induction and maintenance, and have the potential to augment further weight loss. (4)
Obesity is a chronic disease that often requires chronic treatment and the use of FDA-approved medications to reduce the appetite set-point in the hypothalamus. Currently, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications include: phentermine, phentermine-topiramate (Qsymia), bupropion-naltrexone (Contrave), orlistat (Xenical, Alli) and liraglutide (Saxenda). AOMs remain underutilized and just a minority of patients receive prescription treatment due to cost of therapy, lack of insurance coverage, old requirements of frequent face-to-face visits, lack of physician training, among others. Phentermine is the most affordable and the most commonly prescribed pharmacotherapy for weight loss; however, FDA approval is only for the short-term use (90 days), and in the State of Ohio, face-to-face visits every 30 days were required until recently during the course of treatment. (5) A recent study found that in real-world practice AOMs are associated with clinically meaningful additional weight loss and phentermine therapy was associated with the most weight loss (3.7% weight loss in 12 weeks and an average of 7-12% when enhanced to our current weight management program. (6). Another study has demonstrated that phentermine is one of the most cost-effective pharmacologic weight-loss strategies. (7)
A barrier to successful weight loss is patient attrition, as often more than half of patients do not complete lifestyle-based weight loss intervention. (8) Scalable methods for the delivery of obesity treatment that encourages patient participation are needed. A potential way to improve patient participation and weight loss outcomes is through the use of virtual medical visits, remote monitoring, and e-Health. Telemedicine is a growing segment of medical field with the potential to improve access to care removing geographic barriers, extending care to home with the introduction with new technology capabilities that patients are already using on their personal lives. These new modalities have the potential to decrease costs, provide scalable and more accessibility and provide the same quality of care. Several studies have shown the utility of e-Health in the management of chronic conditions, concluding the behavioral changes can be achieved using technological innovation. (9, 10)
More recently, the emergency COVID-19 pandemic presented an unprecedented challenge to the current healthcare system, and all institutions are rapidly changing their health care delivery model and quickly adopting telemedicine and remote monitoring and very soon this type of care may become standard. Frequent visits have been shown to be effective facilitating changes in lifestyle, while also addressing psychological aspects. During the last few months, the Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute (EMI) at Cleveland Clinic has switched obesity care to essentially 90% virtual visits. In addition, the federal government and the State of Ohio recently relaxed standards for prescribing controlled substances so providers are now able to prescribe phentermine (and other anti-obesity medications) via telemedicine. If the study is able to demonstrate that a meaningful and safe weight loss can also be achieved via virtual care, this could support making current relaxed recommendations of the State of Ohio permanent, which would represent a significant shift in the current laws and would greatly benefit the care of patients suffering with obesity.
Cleveland Clinic's weight management clinic provides an ideal environment to investigate the impact of virtual weight management program for the prescribing of phentermine. The proposed trial will afford the opportunity to study the effects of a well-established weight management program associated with the prescription of phentermine in a virtual setting, comparing its effects with standard face-to-face visit. At the present time, there are no studies which have demonstrated that the use of phentermine, prescribed via telemedicine, will lead to the same outcomes in terms of weight loss. This gap in the literature needs to be rapidly answered in order to shift the current standard of weight management care from face-to-face to virtually provided care. This trial has the potential to lead to major impact on how we manage patients with obesity. If the study shows that a virtual weight management program may be as effective as face-to-face encounters for prescription of anti-obesity mediation (initially with phentermine due to feasibility) this will pave the way for future clinical trials leveraging virtual care as standard of care for management of obesity and prescription of anti-obesity medications.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Visits | Experimental | All patients will be seen face to face on visit 1. Patient will be evaluated by an obesity-medicine specialist and also by a registered dietitian and exercise physiologist via telemedicine. Subjects will be prescribed phentermine (37.5 mg po daily; dose may be reduced if not tolerated), and will choose one of two dietary programs (Mediterranean or Keto diet). Weight and vital signs will be monitored remotely and patients will receive a remote scale and a remote blood pressure cuff. Subjects will then initiate 3 one to one virtual visits with the obesity specialist. On each of this visit the five pillars of weight management will be discussed including nutrition, physical activity, appetite control, sleep issues, and anxiety/depression/stress. A personalized nutrition and exercise program will be developed. If felt relevant by the provider, subjects may also be referred to a mental health specialist and/or sleep clinic. All medical care will be provided virtually. |
|
| Face to face visits | Active Comparator | All patients independently of the randomization arm will be seen face to face on visit 1. Patients will be evaluated by an obesity-medicine specialist and patient will also be seen face to face by a registered dietitian and exercise physiologist. Subjects will be prescribed phentermine (37.5 mg po daily; dose may be reduced if not tolerated). Patients will choose one of two dietary programs (Mediterranean or Keto diet). Weight and vital signs will be monitored in each of the visits. Subjects will then initiate 3 face to face visits with the obesity specialist provider every 4 weeks. The five pillars of weight management will be discussed including nutrition, physical activity, appetite control, sleep issues, and anxiety/depression/stress. The patient will be provided a personalized nutrition and exercise program and may be referred to a mental health specialist and/or sleep clinic per provider discretion. All medical care will be provided via a face-to-face manner. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phentermine 37.5 Mg | Drug | Patients will receive 37.5 mg of phentermine daily for a 12 week duration |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Body Weight (Percentage) | The primary endpoint is mean change in body weight (%) from baseline (visit 1) to 12 weeks (visit 4) in body weight. | 12 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Adherence to Weight Management Program | Assessed as percentage of patients who completed all visits | 12 weeks |
| Adherence to Medication Use | Percentage of patients that took the medication as prescribed |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Marcio Griebeler, MD | The Cleveland Clinic | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cleveland Clinic | Cleveland | Ohio | 44195 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27272580 | Background | Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Trends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA. 2016 Jun 7;315(21):2284-91. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.6458. | |
| 24222017 | Background | Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, Hu FB, Hubbard VS, Jakicic JM, Kushner RF, Loria CM, Millen BE, Nonas CA, Pi-Sunyer FX, Stevens J, Stevens VJ, Wadden TA, Wolfe BM, Yanovski SZ, Jordan HS, Kendall KA, Lux LJ, Mentor-Marcel R, Morgan LC, Trisolini MG, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC Jr, Tomaselli GF; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Obesity Society. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 Suppl 2):S102-38. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee. Epub 2013 Nov 12. No abstract available. |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Virtual Visits | All patients will be seen face to face on visit 1. Patient will be evaluated by an obesity-medicine specialist and also by a registered dietitian and exercise physiologist via telemedicine. Subjects will be prescribed phentermine (37.5 mg po daily; dose may be reduced if not tolerated), and will choose one of two dietary programs (Mediterranean or Keto diet). Weight and vital signs will be monitored remotely and patients will receive a remote scale and a remote blood pressure cuff. Subjects will then initiate 3 one to one virtual visits with the obesity specialist. On each of this visit the five pillars of weight management will be discussed including nutrition, physical activity, appetite control, sleep issues, and anxiety/depression/stress. A personalized nutrition and exercise program will be developed. If felt relevant by the provider, subjects may also be referred to a mental health specialist and/or sleep clinic. All medical care will be provided virtually. Phentermine 37.5 Mg: Patients will receive 37.5 mg of phentermine daily for a 12 week duration Dietary program: Patients will be able to select either the Mediterranean diet or the Ketogenic diet and will work with a dietician Exercise program: Patients will be provided with a personalized exercise program |
| FG001 | Face to Face Visits | All patients independently of the randomization arm will be seen face to face on visit 1. Patients will be evaluated by an obesity-medicine specialist and patient will also be seen face to face by a registered dietitian and exercise physiologist. Subjects will be prescribed phentermine (37.5 mg po daily; dose may be reduced if not tolerated). Patients will choose one of two dietary programs (Mediterranean or Keto diet). Weight and vital signs will be monitored in each of the visits. Subjects will then initiate 3 face to face visits with the obesity specialist provider every 4 weeks. The five pillars of weight management will be discussed including nutrition, physical activity, appetite control, sleep issues, and anxiety/depression/stress. The patient will be provided a personalized nutrition and exercise program and may be referred to a mental health specialist and/or sleep clinic per provider discretion. All medical care will be provided via a face-to-face manner. Phentermine 37.5 Mg: Patients will receive 37.5 mg of phentermine daily for a 12 week duration Dietary program: Patients will be able to select either the Mediterranean diet or the Ketogenic diet and will work with a dietician Exercise program: Patients will be provided with a personalized exercise program |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Virtual Visits | All patients will be seen face to face on visit 1. Patient will be evaluated by an obesity-medicine specialist and also by a registered dietitian and exercise physiologist via telemedicine. Subjects will be prescribed phentermine (37.5 mg po daily; dose may be reduced if not tolerated), and will choose one of two dietary programs (Mediterranean or Keto diet). Weight and vital signs will be monitored remotely and patients will receive a remote scale and a remote blood pressure cuff. Subjects will then initiate 3 one to one virtual visits with the obesity specialist. On each of this visit the five pillars of weight management will be discussed including nutrition, physical activity, appetite control, sleep issues, and anxiety/depression/stress. A personalized nutrition and exercise program will be developed. If felt relevant by the provider, subjects may also be referred to a mental health specialist and/or sleep clinic. All medical care will be provided virtually. Phentermine 37.5 Mg: Patients will receive 37.5 mg of phentermine daily for a 12 week duration Dietary program: Patients will be able to select either the Mediterranean diet or the Ketogenic diet and will work with a dietician Exercise program: Patients will be provided with a personalized exercise program |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change in Body Weight (Percentage) | The primary endpoint is mean change in body weight (%) from baseline (visit 1) to 12 weeks (visit 4) in body weight. | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | mean change in body weight (%) | 12 weeks |
|
Through study completion, an average of 12 weeks
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Virtual Visits | All patients will be seen face to face on visit 1. Patient will be evaluated by an obesity-medicine specialist and also by a registered dietitian and exercise physiologist via telemedicine. Subjects will be prescribed phentermine (37.5 mg po daily; dose may be reduced if not tolerated), and will choose one of two dietary programs (Mediterranean or Keto diet). Weight and vital signs will be monitored remotely and patients will receive a remote scale and a remote blood pressure cuff. Subjects will then initiate 3 one to one virtual visits with the obesity specialist. On each of this visit the five pillars of weight management will be discussed including nutrition, physical activity, appetite control, sleep issues, and anxiety/depression/stress. A personalized nutrition and exercise program will be developed. If felt relevant by the provider, subjects may also be referred to a mental health specialist and/or sleep clinic. All medical care will be provided virtually. Phentermine 37.5 Mg: Patients will receive 37.5 mg of phentermine daily for a 12 week duration Dietary program: Patients will be able to select either the Mediterranean diet or the Ketogenic diet and will work with a dietician Exercise program: Patients will be provided with a personalized exercise program |
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| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nausea/Vomiting | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Marcio Griebeler | The Cleveland Clinic Foundation | 216.444.6568 | jenkink@ccf.org |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Nov 16, 2020 | Jul 15, 2022 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010645 | Phentermine |
| D055070 | Resistance Training |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000662 | Amphetamines |
| D010627 | Phenethylamines |
| D005021 | Ethylamines |
| D000588 | Amines |
| D009930 |
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Prospective, Randomized, Single-center, Parallel-group trial comparing the use of virtual visit for prescription of phentermine versus standard face-to-face visits for weight management
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| Dietary program | Behavioral | Patients will be able to select either the Mediterranean diet or the Ketogenic diet and will work with a dietician |
|
| Exercise program | Behavioral | Patients will be provided with a personalized exercise program |
|
| 12 weeks |
| Percentage of Patients That Tolerated Full Dosage of Phentermine (37.5mg) | 12 weeks |
| Percentage of Patients Who Achieved More Than 5% Weight Loss Over the Course of the Study (12 Weeks) | 12 weeks |
| 29244650 | Background | Bersoux S, Byun TH, Chaliki SS, Poole KG. Pharmacotherapy for obesity: What you need to know. Cleve Clin J Med. 2017 Dec;84(12):951-958. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.84a.16094. |
| 21815990 | Background | Moroshko I, Brennan L, O'Brien P. Predictors of dropout in weight loss interventions: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2011 Nov;12(11):912-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00915.x. Epub 2011 Aug 5. |
| 21779086 | Background | Wadden TA, Neiberg RH, Wing RR, Clark JM, Delahanty LM, Hill JO, Krakoff J, Otto A, Ryan DH, Vitolins MZ; Look AHEAD Research Group. Four-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with long-term success. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Oct;19(10):1987-98. doi: 10.1038/oby.2011.230. Epub 2011 Jul 21. |
| 23736363 | Background | Hendricks EJ, Srisurapanont M, Schmidt SL, Haggard M, Souter S, Mitchell CL, De Marco DG, Hendricks MJ, Istratiy Y, Greenway FL. Addiction potential of phentermine prescribed during long-term treatment of obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014 Feb;38(2):292-8. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.74. Epub 2013 May 17. |
| 21593294 | Result | Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA, Safford M, Knowler WC, Bertoni AG, Hill JO, Brancati FL, Peters A, Wagenknecht L; Look AHEAD Research Group. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jul;34(7):1481-6. doi: 10.2337/dc10-2415. Epub 2011 May 18. |
| 25590212 | Result | Apovian CM, Aronne LJ, Bessesen DH, McDonnell ME, Murad MH, Pagotto U, Ryan DH, Still CD; Endocrine Society. Pharmacological management of obesity: an endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Feb;100(2):342-62. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-3415. Epub 2015 Jan 15. |
| 31241358 | Result | Shibuya K, Ali KF, Ji X, Milinoivh A, Bauman J, Kattan MW, Pantalone KM, Burguera B. THE BENEFIT OF SHORT-TERM WEIGHT LOSS WITH ANTI-OBESITY MEDICATIONS IN REAL-WORLD CLINICAL PRACTICE. Endocr Pract. 2019 Oct;25(10):1022-1028. doi: 10.4158/EP-2019-0081. Epub 2019 Jun 26. |
| 32313674 | Result | Lee M, Lauren BN, Zhan T, Choi J, Klebanoff M, Abu Dayyeh B, Taveras EM, Corey K, Kaplan L, Hur C. The cost-effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and lifestyle intervention in the treatment of obesity. Obes Sci Pract. 2019 Dec 10;6(2):162-170. doi: 10.1002/osp4.390. eCollection 2020 Apr. |
| 36156456 | Derived | Griebeler ML, Butsch WS, Rodriguez P, Lomeli L, Kampert M, Makin V, Alwahab UA, Borukh E, Daigle E, Bena J, Pantalone KM, Burguera B. The use of virtual visits for obesity pharmacotherapy in patients with overweight or obesity compared with in-person encounters. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2022 Nov;30(11):2194-2203. doi: 10.1002/oby.23548. Epub 2022 Sep 25. |
| BG001 | Face to Face Visits | All patients independently of the randomization arm will be seen face to face on visit 1. Patients will be evaluated by an obesity-medicine specialist and patient will also be seen face to face by a registered dietitian and exercise physiologist. Subjects will be prescribed phentermine (37.5 mg po daily; dose may be reduced if not tolerated). Patients will choose one of two dietary programs (Mediterranean or Keto diet). Weight and vital signs will be monitored in each of the visits. Subjects will then initiate 3 face to face visits with the obesity specialist provider every 4 weeks. The five pillars of weight management will be discussed including nutrition, physical activity, appetite control, sleep issues, and anxiety/depression/stress. The patient will be provided a personalized nutrition and exercise program and may be referred to a mental health specialist and/or sleep clinic per provider discretion. All medical care will be provided via a face-to-face manner. Phentermine 37.5 Mg: Patients will receive 37.5 mg of phentermine daily for a 12 week duration Dietary program: Patients will be able to select either the Mediterranean diet or the Ketogenic diet and will work with a dietician Exercise program: Patients will be provided with a personalized exercise program |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| OG001 | Face to Face Visits | All patients independently of the randomization arm will be seen face to face on visit 1. Patients will be evaluated by an obesity-medicine specialist and patient will also be seen face to face by a registered dietitian and exercise physiologist. Subjects will be prescribed phentermine (37.5 mg po daily; dose may be reduced if not tolerated). Patients will choose one of two dietary programs (Mediterranean or Keto diet). Weight and vital signs will be monitored in each of the visits. Subjects will then initiate 3 face to face visits with the obesity specialist provider every 4 weeks. The five pillars of weight management will be discussed including nutrition, physical activity, appetite control, sleep issues, and anxiety/depression/stress. The patient will be provided a personalized nutrition and exercise program and may be referred to a mental health specialist and/or sleep clinic per provider discretion. All medical care will be provided via a face-to-face manner. Phentermine 37.5 Mg: Patients will receive 37.5 mg of phentermine daily for a 12 week duration Dietary program: Patients will be able to select either the Mediterranean diet or the Ketogenic diet and will work with a dietician Exercise program: Patients will be provided with a personalized exercise program |
|
|
| Secondary | Adherence to Weight Management Program | Assessed as percentage of patients who completed all visits | Posted | Number | Percentage of completed patients | 12 weeks |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Adherence to Medication Use | Percentage of patients that took the medication as prescribed | Posted | Number | Percentage of pts completed medication | 12 weeks |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Percentage of Patients That Tolerated Full Dosage of Phentermine (37.5mg) | Posted | Number | Percentage of patients on full dose | 12 weeks |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Percentage of Patients Who Achieved More Than 5% Weight Loss Over the Course of the Study (12 Weeks) | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Percentage of patients with >5% wt loss | 12 weeks |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 35 |
| 0 |
| 35 |
| 7 |
| 35 |
| EG001 | Face to Face Visits | All patients independently of the randomization arm will be seen face to face on visit 1. Patients will be evaluated by an obesity-medicine specialist and patient will also be seen face to face by a registered dietitian and exercise physiologist. Subjects will be prescribed phentermine (37.5 mg po daily; dose may be reduced if not tolerated). Patients will choose one of two dietary programs (Mediterranean or Keto diet). Weight and vital signs will be monitored in each of the visits. Subjects will then initiate 3 face to face visits with the obesity specialist provider every 4 weeks. The five pillars of weight management will be discussed including nutrition, physical activity, appetite control, sleep issues, and anxiety/depression/stress. The patient will be provided a personalized nutrition and exercise program and may be referred to a mental health specialist and/or sleep clinic per provider discretion. All medical care will be provided via a face-to-face manner. Phentermine 37.5 Mg: Patients will receive 37.5 mg of phentermine daily for a 12 week duration Dietary program: Patients will be able to select either the Mediterranean diet or the Ketogenic diet and will work with a dietician Exercise program: Patients will be provided with a personalized exercise program | 0 | 35 | 0 | 35 | 1 | 35 |
| Abdominal pain | Gastrointestinal disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Right paresthesia | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Dizziness/fainting | Nervous system disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Chest Pain | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Wrist Strain | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
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| D001835 |
| Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| Organic Chemicals |
| D005081 | Exercise Therapy |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
| D005791 | Patient Care |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D064797 | Physical Conditioning, Human |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |