We hypothesize that the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) for pain relief among patients with pituitary adenomas undergoing transnasal transsphenoidal surgeries are non-inferior to tramadol. We aim to launch a single-center randomized clinical trial to verify this hypothesis.

Postoperative pain is an important clinical concern and quality-of-care metric, yet it is undertreated in neurosurgical patients. Approximately 40% of inpatients complain of severe pain postoperatively, and only 56% of these patients indicate that their pain is well controlled. In addition, pain is a common cause of delayed discharge and unplanned hospital readmission.

Pituitary adenoma is the second most common benign primary central nervous system tumor, and transnasal transsphenoidal (TTS) has long taken over craniotomy to be the first-line surgical approach for pituitary tumor resection. TTS significantly reduces patient's surgical trauma, shortens the operation time, reduces surgery-related complications, and increases total tumor resection rate compared with the previously used craniotomy. However, given that the nasal mucosa is extremely sensitive, the feeling of pain is more obvious after surgery via TTS approach than via craniotomy.

Opioids such as morphine and pethidine are the most effective post-surgical analgesics, but they have a series of side effects, such as drug addiction, decreased gastrointestinal motility, nausea and vomiting. Opioids are not an analgesic that must be used after TTS surgery. NSAIDS, such as parecoxib and lexone, and tramadol are also commonly used analgesics after surgery, and they are also effective. NSAIDS is a first-tier painkiller, and tramadol is a second-tier drug. There is no evidence-based evidence recommending the preferred choice of these two drugs. Which of NSAIDS and tramadol has the better analgesic effect and which drug brings lower side effects to patients is still unclear. The clinical application of the two drugs is entirely based on the personal habits of the surgeon.

Therefore, we plan to conduct a prospective randomized controlled trial to explore: whether the analgesic effect of NSAIDS is non-inferior than tramadol; and whether the side effects of NSAIDS are not higher than tramadol. This result will guide us in clinical pain management for patients with pituitary adenomas after surgery via TTS approach.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with pituitary adenomas that need transnasal transsphenoidal surgery
• Patients of either gender aged 18 to 70 years

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with rhinitis, sinusitis, deviated nasal septum, etc. that can cause nasal pain
• Patients with medical history of digestive ulcer/gastrointestinal bleeding
• Patients with heart disease, severe liver and kidney dysfunction
• Pregnant patients
• Patients allergic to NSAIDs or tramadol
• Patients who need long-term treatment of NSAIDs or analgesic for other reasons
• Patients whose postoperative paraffin pathology suggests non-pituitary adenoma
• Patients who have not undergone transsphenoidal surgery
• Patients who reject to enter the group or ask to leave the group after entry

The individual participant data can be made available upon reasonable request to the study chair, Dr. Bing Xing, or the study director, Dr. Wei Lian.

The participant, investigator and outcome assessors are all prevented from having knowledge of the interventions assigned to individual participants. Only the care provider knows individual specified intervention.