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Postoperative abdominal and shoulder pain that are experienced in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is significant. Although it is generally less sever than post open cholecystectomy pain, it still causes an avoidable distress in the first 24 hours postoperatively
The incidence of pain after laparoscopy may be as high as 36 to 63 percent and is attributed to the carbon dioxide gas (CO2) used to induce pneumo-peritoneum1.
The residual part of CO2 remains in the peritoneal cavity for several days after the operation and causes stretching of the phrenic nerve endings, local hypothermia, and diaphragmatic irritation by carbonic acid formation
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| bupivacaine group | Active Comparator |
| |
| bupivacaine + morphine | Active Comparator |
| |
| bupivacaine + morphine + ketamine | Active Comparator |
| |
| isotonic saline | Placebo Comparator |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bupivacaine | Drug | instillation of local anaesthetic in the abdominal cavity at the end of the procedure |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| postoperative level of ACTH hormone | a stress marker that increase with pain and surgery | 6 hours |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| VISUUEAL ANALOGE SCORE | to assess postoperative pain | 24 hours |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assiut University Hospitals | Asyut | 71515 | Egypt |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002045 | Bupivacaine |
| D012965 | Sodium Chloride |
| D009020 | Morphine |
| D007649 | Ketamine |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000813 | Anilides |
| D000577 | Amides |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D000814 | Aniline Compounds |
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| isotonic saline | Drug | instillation of local anaesthetic in the abdominal cavity at the end of the procedure |
|
| Bupivacaine + morphine | Drug | instillation of local anaesthetic + morphine sulfate in the abdominal cavity at the end of the procedure |
|
| Bupivacaine + morphine + ketamine | Drug | instillation of local anaesthetic + morphine sulfate + ketamine in the abdominal cavity at the end of the procedure |
|
| D000588 |
| Amines |
| D002712 | Chlorides |
| D006851 | Hydrochloric Acid |
| D017606 | Chlorine Compounds |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D017670 | Sodium Compounds |
| D009022 | Morphine Derivatives |
| D009019 | Morphinans |
| D053610 | Opiate Alkaloids |
| D000470 | Alkaloids |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D006572 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring |
| D006576 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |
| D010616 | Phenanthrenes |
| D011084 | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
| D011083 | Polycyclic Compounds |
| D003510 | Cyclohexanes |
| D003516 | Cycloparaffins |
| D006840 | Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic |
| D006844 | Hydrocarbons, Cyclic |
| D006838 | Hydrocarbons |