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updated technology nearly ready
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This is an analysis of tests of near vision.
Visual perception testing using a novel program on an interactive three dimensional electronic device:
Autostereoscopic dynamic near games for monocular visual acuity, stereopsis and color are compared with other conventional or similar tests.
Subjects with normal vision, exceptional vision, or visual deficits have near vision tested on the PDI Check game and compared to other clinical tests.
Interclass Correlation and Bland Altman analysis utilized for continuous data. Sensitivity and Specificity calculated for defined clinical entities. Subjects are not assigned to either one screening test or another; instead different tests are compared.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDI Check & Conventional | Autostereoscopic, dynamic forced choice game (ie on Nintendo 3DS) and Rosenbaum or HOTV near card, Ishihara color plates, Innova Rabin color test, Titmus Stereo test |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visual Acuity | Diagnostic Test | autostereoscopic, monocular dynamic force choice test |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Acuity | Gold Standard clinical test of visual acuity | day 1 |
| stereopsis | Gold standard clinical test of stereopsis (ie Titmus) | day 1 |
| Color Vision | Gold Standard clinical test of color vision (Ishihara, Innova Rabin) | day 1 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Normal subjects and patients with near vision disorders
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Kyle A Smith, OD | Alaska Blind Child Discovery | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alaska Blind Child Discovery | Anchorage | Alaska | 99508 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31322713 | Background | Smith KA, Arnold AW, Sprano JH, Arnold SL, Arnold RW. Performance of a Quick Screening Version of the Nintendo 3DS PDI Check Game in Patients With Ocular Suppression. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2019 Jul 1;56(4):234-237. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20190502-01. | |
| 31385820 | Background | Martin SJ, Rowe KS, Hser N, Htoo HE, Khin R, Smith KA, Arnold RW. Compared Near-Vision Testing With the Nintendo 3DS PDI Check Game on the Thai-Burma Border. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2019 Jul-Aug;8(4):330-334. doi: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000251. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| device website | View source |
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de-identified database on www.ABCD-Vision.org
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1 year after recruitment, then ongoing
de-identified to any investigator with web access
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000550 | Amblyopia |
| D003117 | Color Vision Defects |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D014786 | Vision Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014792 | Visual Acuity |
| D055253 | Color Vision |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014787 | Vision Tests |
| D003941 | Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological |
| D019937 | Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures |
| D003933 | Diagnosis |
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| stereopsis | Diagnostic Test | autostereoscopic dynamic forced-choice depth perception test |
|
| Color vision | Diagnostic Test | autostereoscopic forced choice monocular or binocular color vision tests |
|
| 31118854 | Background | Smith KA, Damarjian AG, Molina A, Arnold RW. Calibrated measurement of acuity, color and stereopsis on a Nintendo(R) 3DS game console. Clin Optom (Auckl). 2019 Apr 30;11:47-55. doi: 10.2147/OPTO.S199992. eCollection 2019. |
| 30834173 | Background | Vancleef K, Serrano-Pedraza I, Sharp C, Slack G, Black C, Casanova T, Hugill J, Rafiq S, Burridge J, Puyat V, Enongue JE, Gale H, Akotei H, Collier Z, Haggerty H, Smart K, Powell C, Taylor K, Clarke MP, Morgan G, Read JCA. ASTEROID: A New Clinical Stereotest on an Autostereo 3D Tablet. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2019 Feb 28;8(1):25. doi: 10.1167/tvst.8.1.25. eCollection 2019 Jan. |
| 30361001 | Background | Fanlo Zarazaga A, Gutierrez Vasquez J, Pueyo Royo V. Review of the main colour vision clinical assessment tests. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed). 2019 Jan;94(1):25-32. doi: 10.1016/j.oftal.2018.08.006. Epub 2018 Oct 22. English, Spanish. |
| 35210746 | Background | Arnold R, Angi M. Multifaceted Amblyopia Screening with blinq, 2WIN, and PDI Check. Clin Ophthalmol. 2022 Feb 15;16:411-421. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S349638. eCollection 2022. |
| 35177896 | Background | Mahlen T, Arnold RW. Pediatric Non-Refractive Vision Screening with EyeSwift, PDI Check and Blinq: Non-Refractive Vision Screening with Two Binocular Video Games and Birefringent Scanning. Clin Ophthalmol. 2022 Feb 11;16:375-384. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S344751. eCollection 2022. |
| 33623358 | Background | Brown S, Rue C, Smith K, Arnold R. Extraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021 Feb 16;15:575-581. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S298234. eCollection 2021. |
| 34007233 | Background | Arnold A, Smith K, Molina A, Damarjian A, Desatoff T, Arnold R. Trichromatic Enhanced Dynamic Color Screening on the PDI Check Nintendo 3DS Game. Clin Optom (Auckl). 2021 May 11;13:137-141. doi: 10.2147/OPTO.S305042. eCollection 2021. |
| D012678 | Sensation Disorders |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D005128 | Eye Diseases |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D000077765 | Cone Dystrophy |
| D015785 | Eye Diseases, Hereditary |
| D009799 | Ocular Physiological Phenomena |
| D014785 | Vision, Ocular |
| D012677 | Sensation |
| D009424 | Nervous System Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |