The purpose of the Study is to compare the outcomes of the surgical and the percutaneous approach to the upper extremity access (axillary or brachial artery) during endovascular procedures on the aortic valve, the aorta, and its side branches.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients who received a surgical or percutaneous access to the axillary or brachial artery during Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI), Fenestrated/Branched-Endovascular Aortic Repair (F/BEVAR), chimney-EVAR (Ch-EVAR) or visceral side branches stenting, between January 2010 and May 2020
• Adult patients ≥18 years

Exclusion Criteria:

• Introducer sheath internal diameter (ID) used < 5F or > 22F
• Patient with previous surgical axillary access on the puncture side (Pacemaker excluded)
• Patient with subclavian / axillary / brachial occlusive disease with stenosis greater than 50%
• Patient with previous bypass surgery or stent placement in the vicinity of access site (ie. Axillary extracorporeal cannulation with, axillo-femoral bypass, patch (venous or synthetic repair of previous axillary access, etc)
• Bleeding diathesis or coagulopathy
• Patients with active systemic or cutaneous infection or inflammation
• Patients who are pregnant or lactating
• Patient younger than 18 years of age
• Patients who are morbidity obese (BMI > 40 Kg/m2)

Patients treated between January 2010 and May 2020 for a condition involving the aortic valve or the aorta and/or its side branches with procedures requiring an upper extremity access at the level of the axillary or brachial artery