Investigators want to compare the seroconversion rates between two-dose and three-dose regimens of the hepatitis B vaccine (Heplisav B) among patients with cirrhosis, a randomized prospective study.

Study Rationale:

Hepatitis B virus is a major cause of acute and chronic liver disease both in the United States and worldwide. In 2016, an estimated 862,000 people were living with HBV infection in the US with a total of 1,649 U.S. death certificates recorded as an underlying or contributing cause of death. Chronic infection may cause liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Since the introduction of the vaccine in the 1990s, there has been a significant decline in the incidence of HBV infection. Approved in November 2017, Heplisav-B uses a synthetic cytosine phosphoguanine oligonucleotide derived from bacterial DNA; it is thought to stimulate the immune system through activation of the toll-like receptor 9 pathway, which induces the production of cytokines such as interleukines such as interleukine-12 and interferon-alpha. It has been shown to induce higher immunity in healthy individuals compared to conventional vaccines.

The HBsAb titer should be checked 8 to 12 weeks after the administration of the vaccination series. Good responders were defined as those having the anti-HBs titer were ≥ 100 mUI/ml, poor responders having anti-HBs titer between 10 and 99 mUI/ml, and nonresponders having anti-HBs titer < 10 mIU/ml. The Seroprotection rate by age group in the healthy population is 100% in the 18-29-year-old group, 98.9% in the 30-29 %-year-old group, 97.2% in the 40-49-year-old group, 95.2% in the 50-59-year-old group, 91.6% in 60-70-year-old group. However, 5% of the general population will not mount a protection response.

Response to HBV vaccine is variable among patients with chronic diseases, such as HIV infection, celiac disease, IBD, end-stage renal disease, diabetes. The immunogenicity of the hepatitis B vaccine is also lower in decompensated cirrhosis. Among cirrhotic patients, only 45% who received Heplisav-B achieved immunity in investigator's previous retrospective analysis. The usual approach to HBV vaccine nonresponse is repeating the vaccine series in noninfected individuals.

Investigational Plan

*Study Design & Duration: Patients with cirrhosis or chronic liver disease presented to the hepatology clinic in Mercy Medical Center between 09/2020 and 07/2021 who do not have immunity against Hepatitis B (defined as anti-HBs titer < 10 mIU/ml) will be recruited. Patients will be stratified based on cirrhosis vs. no-cirrhosis and vaccine naive vs. vaccine experienced. Patients who had more than one vaccination series will not be included. Previous vaccination could be either Heplisav or Engerix; however, this information will be collected. The investigators' plan is to do the 1st part of the study is in treatment-naive patients and expand it to vaccine experienced.

Investigators will randomize patients to receive Heplisav-B in 0, 4 weeks, or Heplisav-B in 0, 4, 8 weeks. The HBV surface antibody titer will be checked 8 to 12 weeks after administration of the vaccination series and classified into good responders, poor responders, and nonresponders based on antibody titers.

Investigators will collect basic data including age, MELD scores, etiologies of cirrhosis (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis C, alcohol-induced liver disease, autoimmune liver disease, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, others), comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, renal failure, obesity), immunosuppressive drugs.

Primary endpoint: Seroconversion or immunity is defined as HBsAb level ≥ 10 mIU/ml.

Randomization process:

Investigators will use the envelope allocation technique. At first, Investigators will create a sequentially numbered random group assignment. The supplies for the randomization envelopes include envelopes, back carbon paper, and white copy paper. On the white copy paper, Investigators will write the study ID. Investigators will wrap the white copy paper inside the black carbon paper, put those into the envelope, and seal it.

The above data will be prospectively collected and entered into an excel database in a de-identified mode by giving them a coded number. Investigators will save data in a password-protected format and filed in the GI Research share drive and only the study staff will have access to the file to download for any study procedure or audit. It will be stored in a confidential manner, indefinitely in a secured Mercy share drive according to the 21 CFR part 11 guidelines.

The sample size for both arms: total 200. The current seroconversion rate of the hepatitis B vaccine in cirrhosis is low, about 50%, with the conventional schedule, either Engerix 0, 1 month, 6 months or Heplisav-B 0, 1 month. Investigators aim for the seroconversion rate of 70% with Heplisav-B 0, 1 month, 2 months. The probability of type I error is 5% and the power is 80%.

Inclusion Criteria:

- All the cirrhosis patients more than 18 years old presented to the hepatology clinic in Mercy Medical Center between 09/2020 and 07/2021 who do not have immunity against Hepatitis B (defined as anti-HBs titer < 10 mIU/ml) will be recruited.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Anyone who has had a serious allergic reaction to a prior dose of the hepatitis B vaccine, a component of the hepatitis B vaccine, or yeast should not receive the hepatitis B vaccine.
• Those who had previous exposure to hepatitis B.
• Post liver transplant patients.
• Less than 18 years old.