At the request of the ad interim Department Chairman due to PI is no longer at institution.

This phase II trial studies how well androgen deprivation therapy and apalutamide with or without radiation therapy works for the treatment of prostate cancer that has a rise in the blood level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and has come back after treatment with surgery or radiation (biochemically recurrent). Androgens can cause the growth of prostate tumor cells. Apalutamide may help fight prostate cancer by blocking the use of androgens by the tumor cells. Androgen deprivation therapy drugs, leuprolide or degarelix, work to lower the amount of androgen in the body, also preventing the tumor cells from growing. Radiation therapy uses high energy x-rays to kill tumor cells and shrink tumors. Giving radiation therapy with apalutamide and androgen deprivation therapy may help to control prostate cancer that has come back in only a few (up to 5) spots in the body.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:

I. To assess PSA progression-free survival in both treatment arms.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To assess time of recovery of serum testosterone in both treatment arms. II. To assess PSA progression-free survival and overall survival following testosterone recovery in both treatment arms.

III. To assess safety of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) + apalutamide as well as ADT + apalutamide in combination radiation therapy.

IV. To assess the time to first new metastasis or local / pelvic recurrence in both treatment arms.

V. To assess the impact of both treatment arms on quality of life. VI. To assess the impact of both treatment arms on metabolic syndrome parameters.

VII. To assess the impact of both treatment arms on bone density. VIII. To investigate the association of changes in repeat advanced imaging with outcome.

IX. To compare fluciclovine and prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT).

EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVE:

I. To identify potential markers of response or resistance to the administered therapies.

OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 groups.

GROUP I: Patients receive apalutamide orally (PO) once daily (QD) on days 1-28 and ADT consisting of leuprolide intramuscularly (IM) every 12 weeks or degarelix subcutaneously (SC) every 4 weeks. Treatment repeats every 28 days for 12 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

GROUP II: Patients receive apalutamide PO QD on days 1-28 and ADT consisting of leuprolide IM every 12 weeks or degarelix SC every 4 weeks. Treatment repeats every 28 days for 12 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients also undergo radiation therapy (RT) between cycles 4-7 in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 3 and 4 months.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Histologically confirmed prostate cancer

• Signed informed consent form (ICF) indicating that the subject understands the purpose of, and procedures required for, the study and is willing to participate in the study

• Consent to MD Anderson laboratory protocol Lab02-152

• Available tumor tissue sample (recently collected +/- archival)

• Biochemically recurrent prostate cancer following definitive treatment with radical prostatectomy or / and external beam radiation therapy. Patient may have received prior androgen deprivation with or without other treatments in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant or salvage setting as long as >= 6 months from discontinuation have elapsed at the time of randomization

• Progression based on the following criteria:

  • PSA progression: For patients with prior radical prostatectomy (+/- radiation), PSA progression defined by a minimum of two rising PSA levels with an interval of at least 1 week between each determination and a PSA of >= 0.5 ng/ml at screening. For patients with only prior definitive radiation of the prostate, PSA recurrence is defined as PSA >= nadir+2 ng/mL
  • PSA doubling time of =< 12 months at the time of study entry. Calculation of PSA doubling time should include the use of all available PSA values obtained within past 12 months prior to randomization, with a minimum of 3 values >= 0.1 ng/mL PSA values obtained prior to localized therapy will be excluded. PSA doubling time to be estimated using Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center online calculator
  • Identification of up to 5 metastatic lesions or/and pelvic node recurrent sites by advanced imaging technology (PSMA PET/CT or fluciclovine PET/CT). In case of inconsistency between the two imaging modalities, up to 5 lesions in the PSMA/PET will be accepted. All sites should be eligible to be treated with definitive intent. At least one of these lesions will be histologically confirmed. Symptomatic metastatic disease or disease impending symptoms (e.g. brain metastasis, painful bone metastasis, and spine disease) can be treated with definitive local therapy prior to enrollment. This lesion will be counted towards the total number of metastatic lesions

• Must be able to receive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist or antagonist during the course of the study

• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) of 0-1

• Must be able to swallow tablets

• To avoid risk of drug exposure through the ejaculate (even men with vasectomies), patients must agree while on study drug and for 3 months following the last dose of study drug to:

  • Use a condom during sexual activity
  • Not donate sperm

• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1.0 x 10^9/L

• Hemoglobin >= 9.0 g/dL

• Platelet count >= 75 x 10^9/L

• Serum albumin >= 3 g/dL

• Calculated creatinine clearance >= 40 mL/min using the Cockcroft-Gault equation

• Serum total bilirubin =<1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) or direct bilirubin =< 1.5 x ULN (Note: in subjects with Gilbert's syndrome, if total bilirubin is > 1.5 x ULN, measure direct and indirect bilirubin, and if direct bilirubin is =< 1.5 x ULN, subject may be eligible)

• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =< 3.0 x ULN

• Testosterone > 150 ng/dL. For patients treated with ADT with or without short-term first generation anti androgens (e.g. bicalutamide) up to 4 weeks prior to randomization, a testosterone measurement prior to the ADT treatment will be used to determine eligibility, and must have been > 150 ng/dL. If no testosterone level is available from before luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa) injection and within 6 weeks of randomization, the patient will be ineligible

Exclusion Criteria:

• Histologically confirmed recurrence in a prior definitively irradiated prostate cancer field per the judgment of the investigator

• Ongoing androgen deprivation therapy (with or without short-term first generation anti-androgens) for > 4 weeks at the time of randomization

• =< 30 days prior to cycle 1 day 1, patient had:

  • A transfusion (platelets or red blood cells)
  • Hematopoietic growth factors
  • An investigational agent (=< 30 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer)
  • Major surgery

• Active hematologic or solid malignancy other than prostate cancer with at least 30% chance of recurrence per investigator assessment; (exceptions: adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, superficial bladder cancer, or any other cancer in situ currently in complete remission)

• Known allergies, hypersensitivity, or intolerance to apalutamide or LHRH agonist/antagonist or excipients

• Current evidence of any of the following:

  • Uncontrolled hypertension
  • Gastrointestinal disorder affecting absorption

• Corrected QT interval by the Fridericia correction formula (QTcF) > 450 msec on the screening electrocardiogram (ECG)

• History of clinically significant cardiovascular disease including, but not limited to:

  • Myocardial infarction or unstable angina =< 3 months prior to treatment initiation
  • Clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia
  • Pulmonary embolism, stroke =< 3 months prior to treatment initiation
  • Congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association class III-IV)

• Known evidence of an active infection requiring systemic therapy such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), active hepatitis, or fungal infection

• History of seizure disorder

• Patients receiving medications known to lower the seizure unless discontinued or substituted at least 4 weeks prior to study entry. These medications include:

  • Aminophylline/theophylline,
  • Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, ziprasidone),
  • Bupropion,
  • Lithium,
  • Meperidine and pethidine,
  • Phenothiazine antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, mesoridazine, thioridazine),
  • Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, maprotiline, mirtazapine)

• Any contraindication that precludes use or radiotherapy for identified lesion treatment per the judgment of the investigator

• Any condition for which, in the opinion of the investigator, participation would not in the best interest of the subject (e.g., compromise the well-being) or that could prevent, limit, or confound the protocol-specified assessments