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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1R34DK125958 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) | NIH |
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This study is a pilot assessment of Sustaining Women's Engagement and Enabling Transitions after GDM (SWEET), a GDM-focused intervention that will apply barrier-reduction patient navigation strategies to improve health after a pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus. The investigators aim to determine, via a randomized controlled trial of 40 women who have had GDM, whether those who receive the navigation intervention have improved diabetes-related health at 1 year after birth compared to those who receive usual care. The SWEET intervention will provide GDM-specific, individualized navigation services that leverage existing clinical infrastructure, including logistical support, psychosocial support, and health education, through 1-year postpartum. Participants will undergo surveys, interviews, and medical record review at multiple time points. The investigators will also conduct qualitative interviews with clinical providers.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) poses a substantial long-term health burden to women due to the 7-fold increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other cardiovascular disorders. Yet, there are many gaps in the transition period after GDM, which is a particularly critical time due to enhanced motivation and access. Nevertheless, a minority of women receive postpartum screening for dysglycemia or have successful transition to primary care. Although T2DM prevention interventions can be successful, they cannot be deployed without retention and engagement in care. Addressing the unique barriers experienced by postpartum women requires innovative models of health care delivery to promote prevention of T2DM after GDM. One potential intervention with demonstrated successes in other arenas is patient navigation, a barrier-focused, longitudinal, patient-centered intervention that offers support for a defined set of health services.
This protocol is to perform a pilot assessment of Sustaining Women's Engagement and Enabling Transitions after GDM (SWEET), a GDM-focused intervention that will apply barrier-reduction patient navigation strategies to improve health after a pregnancy with GDM. The investigators aim to determine, via a randomized controlled trial of 40 women who have had GDM, whether those who receive the SWEET navigation intervention have improved diabetes-related health at 1 year after birth compared to those who receive usual care. In order to promote self-efficacy, enhance access, and sustain long-term engagement, the SWEET intervention will provide GDM-specific, individualized navigation services that leverage existing clinical infrastructure, including logistical support, psychosocial support, and health education, through 1-year postpartum.
Aim 1 will evaluate whether clinical (weight, glycemic control, abdominal circumference, and blood pressure), health services (postpartum and primary care visit attendance), and patient-reported (diabetes self-efficacy, activation, and T2DM risk perception) outcomes differ in women exposed to SWEET versus usual care. Aim 2 will evaluate feasibility and acceptability. This proposal will generate key data for the conduct of a full-scale trial of a GDM-specific postpartum patient navigation program that will address critical questions about long-term maternal health and T2DM prevention.
SWEET bridges the chasm between care during pregnancy - focused on improving the health of the pregnant woman and her offspring - and long-term women's health care - focused on chronic disease management and preventive health. The long-term goals are to understand how to optimize long-term health after GDM in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of T2DM beyond the perinatal period.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Navigation Group | Experimental | Women who are randomized into SWEET will be assigned to a patient navigator. The navigator will meet women during hospitalization, at postpartum appointments, during primary care appointments, and as needed. At these face-to-face meetings, the navigator will perform education about the postpartum OGTT, post-GDM management plan, diabetes mellitus risks, lifestyle modification, and primary care transition. The navigator will facilitate the development of an individualized GDM Care Plan in conjunction with the patient and the medical team. The navigator will assess individual barriers to T2DM screening and prevention. At appointments, the navigator will also ensure a woman understands her diabetes-related care plan and will perform health education and barrier-reducing tasks as needed. |
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| Non-navigation cohort | No Intervention | No navigation will be provided; women will receive usual care. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient Navigation Program | Behavioral | SWEET is a GDM-focused intervention that will apply barrier-reduction patient navigation strategies to improve health after a pregnancy with GDM. Women in SWEET will receive GDM-specific, tapered, individualized navigation services, including logistical support, psychosocial support, and patient education, through 1-year postpartum. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Postpartum weight retention | Difference between 1) preconception weight and 2) weight at 1 year postpartum, | 1 year postpartum |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Postpartum diabetes screening completion | Number of women with completion of a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test by 12 weeks postpartum. | 4-12 weeks postpartum |
| Postpartum diabetes screening result |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Participant experiences and perspectives on GDM | Qualitative feedback on experience with the GDM diagnosis, barriers to obtaining postpartum GDM-related care, and barriers and facilitators of the primary care transition. | 4-12 weeks and 1 year postpartum |
| Patient experiences with navigation |
Patient Participants:
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Health care provider participants:
Inclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Lynn M Yee, MD, MPH | Northwestern University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northwestern Memorial Hospital | Chicago | Illinois | 60611 | United States |
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| Type | Date | Date Unknown |
|---|---|---|
| Release | Aug 5, 2025 | |
| Reset | Aug 20, 2025 |
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| Release Date | Unrelease Date | Unrelease Date Unknown | Reset Date | MCP Release Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aug 5, 2025 | Aug 20, 2025 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D016640 | Diabetes, Gestational |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011248 | Pregnancy Complications |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D062526 | Patient Navigation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D018802 | Patient-Centered Care |
| D011320 | Primary Health Care |
| D003191 | Comprehensive Health Care |
| D010346 | Patient Care Management |
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There will be two cohorts. One cohort will be provided intensive, individualized patient navigation services through one year postpartum, with a focus on diabetes prevention. The second cohort will receive usual care.
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Result of postpartum OGTT.
| 4-12 weeks postpartum |
| Abdominal circumference | Abdominal circumference at any time point in the first year after giving birth. | 4-12 weeks and 1 year postpartum |
| Blood pressure | Blood pressure at any time point in the first year after giving birth and proportion with hypertension. | 4-12 weeks and 1 year postpartum |
| Postpartum visit attendance | Attendance at a comprehensive postpartum care visit by 12 weeks postpartum. | 4-12 weeks postpartum |
| Assessment of postpartum glycemic control | Number of women who complete any measure of glycemic control (fasting glucose, random glucose, and/or hemoglobin A1c) by 1 year postpartum. | 1 year postpartum |
| Postpartum transition to primary care | Number of women with appointment made and kept for primary care by 1 year postpartum. | 1 year postpartum |
| Diabetes self-efficacy | Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES)- Minimum score is 1, and maximum score is 5. Higher scores indicate greater levels of diabetes self-efficacy. | 4-12 weeks and 1 year postpartum |
| Patient activation | Patient Activation Measure (PAM)- Patient knowledge, skill, and confidence for managing one's own health and healthcare. Minimum score is 1, and maximum score is 100. Higher scores indicate higher activation levels in self-management. | 4-12 weeks and 1 year postpartum |
| Diabetes risk perception | Risk Perception Survey for Developing Diabetes (RPS-DD)- adapted for women with gestational diabetes- Scores are averaged with higher scores indicating a greater personal control to prevent development of DM. Minimum score of 1, and maximum score of 5. Higher scores indicate greater personal control beliefs. | 4-12 weeks and 1 year postpartum |
Participants who are randomized to receive navigation will complete in-depth interviews about experiences with the program and areas for improvement. |
| 4-12 weeks and 1 year postpartum |
| Health care providers experiences with SWEET | Health care providers whose patients participate in the trial will undergo in-depth interviews about provider perceptions of the program, barriers to providing optimal care for women who have had GDM, the methods by which providers and the health care system can adopt postpartum care recommendations, and how to optimize SWEET for future study. | Through completion of study, an average of 2 years |
| Patient satisfaction with logistical aspects of navigation | Patient Satisfaction with Logistical Aspects of Navigation (PSN-L)- Participants randomized to navigation will complete surveys designed to understand their logistical experiences with patient navigation. Minimum score is 0, and maximum score is 78. Higher scores indicate higher levels of satisfaction. | 4-12 weeks and 1 year postpartum |
| Patient satisfaction with interpersonal relationship with navigator | Patient Satisfaction with Interpersonal Relationship with Navigator (PSN-I)- Participants randomized to navigation will complete surveys designed to understand their interpersonal experiences with patient navigation. Minimum score is 0, and maximum score is 45. Higher scores indicate higher levels of satisfaction. | 4-12 weeks and 1 year postpartum |
| Proportion of eligible participants who enroll | Proportion of eligible participants who enroll will be defined as the proportion of women who enroll out of all approached, eligible women. | Through completion of study, an average of 2 years |
| Recruitment rate | Recruitment rate will be defined as the number of women successfully enrolled per week during the study, using mean or median to illustrate the variation of the numbers. | Through completion of study, an average of 2 years |
| Time to enrollment | Time to enrollment will be defined as the number of months to enroll target sample size. | Through completion of study, an average of 2 years |
| Dropout rate | Dropout rate will be defined as the number of enrolled women who drop out of study participation during the 1-year follow-up per week. | Through completion of study, an average of 2 years |
| Retention rate | Retention rate will be defined as the proportion of enrolled women who successfully complete all study visits during 1-year follow-up period. | Through completion of study, an average of 2 years |
| Participant adherence with navigation | The participant adherence (engagement rate) outcomes will be calculated both as a proportion (percent of navigator-attempted contacts with response) and count (number of navigator-attempted contacts with response) among participants randomized to navigation. Feasibility targets will be defined as 80% recruitment, retention, and adherence rates. Targets are set at 80% based on prior literature using this threshold to represent greater engagement. | Through completion of study, an average of 2 years |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D006298 | Health Services Administration |