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The study aims to investigate the effects of Cognitive Behavioural therapy intervention on sleep and it's effects on well-being, dietary intake and food preferences during COVID-19. The study will investigate whether delivery of a CBT intervention will lead to an improvement in sleep quality and sleep duration and will consequently improve metabolic health. The participants will be randomized into two groups with one half in the intervention arm and the other in the control arm of the study.
Reduced sleep duration and sleep quality have become increasingly important areas in the study and epidemiology of sleep and are linked with numerous health risks. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have found that in the last few years there has been a significant reduction in sleep duration in adults, with an average duration of <7 hours, with some suggestion that this can contribute to increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Studies on sleep restriction have observed that even a single night of sleep deprivation leads to a reduction in insulin sensitivity and increases the prevalence of diabetes. Similarly shortened and/or poor-quality sleep has been found to cause dysregulation in ghrelin and leptin levels, which can increase energy intake and motivation to seek out foods with higher fat and sugar content. Although a wide range of research focuses on the effects of short sleep and its impact on health, few studies have focused on whether improving sleep can improve cardiometabolic outcomes.
Research has estimated that almost 30% of individuals suffer from insomnia or insomnia like symptoms. The most common method to combat this has been over-the-counter medication and hypnotics; however, there is very little evidence available on the efficacy of such treatments. Over the years, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy has been found to produce long term and significant results in individuals with insomnia. It has shown to significantly improve the various parameters of sleep such as sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency and sleep quality. Studies on patients with primary insomnia have shown that those undergoing CBT treatment improve their sleep by an average of 6 hours and improve their sleep efficiency. Furthermore, those undergoing CBT have shown long term improvements with healthy circadian rhythms, regulated hormonal secretory patterns and blood glucose levels.
A research study on short sleep duration with an intervention consisting of behavioural consultations focusing on extending sleep found that extending sleep, through this intervention, reduced the intake of free sugars, fat, and carbohydrates. Since CBT requires minimal intervention, it could be considered as the ideal mode of therapy to improve sleep.
In the current scenario, with the significant effects of COVID-19 observed on morbidity, daily lifestyle behaviours, and mental health, an effective psychological intervention may help to improve both mental and physiological health. This study aims to investigate the effects of an intervention which improves sleep on metabolic health outcomes. Through this study, the investigators aim to test the feasibility of a CBT intervention in improving sleep in our target population consisting of overweight/obese adults reporting poor sleep and to further understand participants' experiences with the CBT to improve health and sleep outcomes during a pandemic.
The study is a randomized control trial where all participants will undergo the screening and baseline measurements. On completion of these procedures, the participants in the intervention group will undergo an 8-week session plan for 1 hour every week conducted online by a certified CBT-i trained psychologist. On completion of the study, all participants will be asked to undertake post-intervention measures.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| CBT-I Group | Experimental | Participants in the CBT-I group will undertake weekly sessions for a duration of 8 weeks with a trained psychologist through Zoom or Skype Calls. |
|
| Control group | No Intervention | The control group will be asked to maintain the usual lifestyle for the duration of the study |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia | Behavioral | Weekly CBTI training |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sleep Duration | Change in accelerometer measured total sleep time | 0-12 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sleep Efficiency | Changes in Accelerometer measured sleep efficiency | 0-12 weeks |
| Sleep Latency | Changes in Accelerometer measured sleep latency |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric Measures | Changes in self reported weight | 0-12 weeks |
| Anthropometric measures | Changes in self reported BMI | 0-12 weeks |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Jason Gill, PhD | University of Glasgow | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Glasgow | Glasgow | G12 8QQ | United Kingdom | |||
| University of Glasgow |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012892 | Sleep Deprivation |
| D007319 | Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020920 | Dyssomnias |
| D012893 | Sleep Wake Disorders |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015928 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001521 | Behavior Therapy |
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
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A randomised controlled trial with two groups CBT intervention group and control group.
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Members of the research team that perform measurements are blinded to group allocation.
| 0-12 weeks |
| Total Sleep Time | Changes in Accelerometer measured Total sleep Time | 0-12 weeks |
| Total Time in Bed | Changes in Accelerometer measured Total time in bed | 0-12 weeks |
| Wake After Sleep Onset | Changes in Accelerometer measured Wake after sleep onset | 0-12 weeks |
| Subjective Sleep Quality | Changes in subjective sleep quality measured by The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0-12 weeks |
| Sleep Disturbances | Changes in sleep disturbances measured by The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0-12 weeks |
| Use of Sleeping Medication | Changes in use of sleeping medication measured by The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0-12 weeks |
| Daytime Dysfunction | Changes in daytime dysfunction measured by The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0-12 weeks |
| Habitual Sleep Efficiency | Changes in habitual sleep efficiency measured by The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0-12 weeks |
| Sleep Duration (self-reported) | Changes in sleep duration measured by The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 0-12 weeks |
| Excessive Daytime Sleepiness | Changes in excessive daytime sleepiness measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale Scale range: Would never nod off 0 Slight chance of nodding off 1 Moderate chance of nodding off 2 High chance of nodding off 3 Scoring Interpretation: Minumum score is 0 and maximum score is 24. 0-5 - Lower Normal Daytime Sleepiness 6-10 - Higher Normal Daytime Sleepiness 11-12 - Mild Excessive Daytime Sleepiness 13-15 - Moderate Excessive Daytime Sleepiness 16-24 - Severe Excessive Daytime Sleepiness | 0-12 weeks |
| Mental Well-being | Changes in cognitive, affective and social dimensions of mental health measured by the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale Scale range: None of the time 1 Rarely 2 Some of the time 3 Often 4 All of the time 5 Scoring Interpretation: The minimum score is 14 and maximum score is 70. The higher the scores indicate a greater positive mental wellbeing. | 0-12 weeks |
| Depression | Changes in depressive symptoms measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Scale range: Not at all 0 Several days 1 More than half the days 2 Nearly every day 3 Scoring Interpretation: The minimum score is 0 and maximum score is 20. 0-5 - mild 6-10 - moderate 11-15 - moderately severe 16-20 - severe depression | 0-12 weeks |
| Anxiety | Changes in anxiety measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale range: Not at all 0 Several days 1 More than half the days 2 Nearly every day 3 Scoring Interpretation: The minimum score is 0 and maximum score is 21. 0-5 mild 6-10 moderate 11-15 moderately severe anxiety 15-21 severe anxiety. | 0-12 weeks |
| Food preference | Changes in explicit liking and explicit wanting measured by the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire Scale range: The computerized asessment includes a 100mm visual analogue scale and at the end of the response item participants will be asked: "How much do you want some of this food now? Scoring: The minimum score for VAS scale is 0 and maximum is 100. Scores are recorded and converted in to mean scores for high fat, low fat, sweet or savoury food types and different fat-taste combinations. | 0-12 weeks |
| Food reward | Changes in implicit wanting and food choice measured by the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire Scale range: The computerized asessment where participants are presented with two images and they choose which they like. Scoring: Reaction time for each answer is recorded and converted in to mean scores for high fat, low fat, sweet or savoury food types and different fat-taste combinations. | 0-12 weeks |
| Food cravings | Changes in craving control, craving for sweet, craving for savoury and positive mood measured by the Control of Eating Questionnaire Scale range: The asessment includes a 20 items with a 10 point scale ranging from "not at all" to "extremely" and 1 item with free text answer. Scoring: The minimum score for VAS scale is 0 and maximum is 100. The sum of items were calculated and divide by number of items in the subscale. Higher the score indicates higher cravings. Positive mood subscales and Craving Control subscales the scores were reversed, so great score indicated greater level of positve mood and craving control. | 0-12 weeks |
| Dietary Intake | Changes in 24 hour food recall measured by the Myfood24 food diary | 0-12 weeks |
| Participant Interviews | Participant feedback and information provided through interviews | 0-12 weeks |
| Glasgow |
| G12 8TA |
| United Kingdom |
| D012816 |
| Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D020919 | Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic |