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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| University of Virginia | OTHER |
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A randomized controlled trial will test the effectiveness of social incentives relative to traditional incentives in promoting walking behavior among college students (N=200). Participants who are rewarded for walking together will be compared to those who are rewarded for walking even when alone. Research participants will download activity tracking apps (Fitbit app and AWARE app) that provide activity and location data. Participants will be consented and then randomized to one of two incentive schemes for walking. Over a 2-week intervention period, the standard incentive group will earn $2 per day when they meet their walking goal regardless of whether they walk alone or with others. The social incentive group will earn $1 per day when they reach their walking goal plus an additional $1 when they walk at least 2000 steps with their walking partner. The incentive scheme will be in place for 2-weeks, preceded by a 1-week baseline period and followed by a 2-week follow-up period.
The objective of the study is to test whether social incentives that encourage physical activity with another person are more effective than incentives for individual exercise. Physical inactivity and social isolation are growing epidemics linked to increased morbidity and mortality particularly among aging Americans. This research aims to address both problems by encouraging co-productive physical activities among college students. Co-productive physical activity mean anything involving physical activity that two people can do together, e.g., walking their dogs or shopping together. Additionally, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, walking together in this study means either walking while communicating digitally or over the phone, or by physically walking together while wearing a mask, staying 6 feet apart, and following the recommendations from health professionals. A small randomized controlled trial will test the effectiveness of social incentives relative to traditional incentives in promoting walking behavior. Participants who are rewarded for walking together will be compared to those who are rewarded for walking even when alone. The results will indicate whether social incentives are more motivating than traditional incentives for walking behavior.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Regular incentive | Active Comparator | During the two-week intervention period, the standard incentive group will earn $2 per day when they meet their step goal, and this reward is earned regardless of whether they walk alone or with others. |
|
| Social Incentive | Experimental | During the two-week intervention period, he social incentive group will earn $1 per day when they meet their step goal and an additional $1 if they walk 2,000 steps together with another study participant. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social Incentive | Behavioral | Receiving half the monetary incentive conditional on meeting a step goal and half the monetary incentive conditional on walking together |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Mean Daily Steps Walked From Baseline Period (Week 1) to Intervention Period (Weeks 2 and 3) | Change in mean daily steps walked from baseline (week 1) to intervention period (weeks 2 and 3), as recorded on the FitBit app | week 2-3 |
| Change in Mean Daily Steps Walked From Baseline Period (Week 1) to Follow-up Period (Weeks 4-5) | Change in mean daily steps walked from baseline to follow-up period, as recorded on the FitBit app | week 4-5 |
| Mean Number of Days Met Daily Step Goal During Intervention Period (Weeks 2-3) Minus Mean Number of Days Met Same Level of Walking in Baseline Period (Week 1) | Mean number of days when an individual's number of steps walked was at or above daily goal during the intervention period (weeks 2 & 3) minus the mean number of days the individual's number of step's walking was at or above that same level during the baseline period (week 1) | week 2-3 |
| Mean Number of Days Met Daily Step Goal During Follow-up Period (Weeks 4-5) Minus Mean Number of Days Met Same Level of Walking in Baseline Period (Week 1) | Mean number of days when an individual's number of steps walked was at or above daily goal during the follow-up period (weeks 4 & 5) minus the mean number of days the individual's number of step's walking was at or above that same level during the baseline period (week 1) | week 4-5 |
| Change in Score on University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale (Survey Measure) | 20-item scale measuring subjective feelings of loneliness and social isolation. Minimum score = 0; maximum score = 60; higher scores indicate more loneliness. We computed the difference in score from baseline (beginning of week 1) to end of study (end of week 5). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Fraction of Days Participant Walked Together With Partner (Self Report) During Intervention Period (Weeks 2-3) | Fraction of days with self report of walking at least 2,000 steps with another participant during intervention period (weeks 2-3) | week 2-3 |
| Fraction of Days Participant Walked Together With Partner (Self Report) During Follow-up Period (Weeks 4-5) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
• Contraindications for increased physical activity
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| GRETCHEN B CHAPMAN, PhD | Carnegie Mellon University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carnegie Mellon University | Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | 15213 | United States |
Only de-identified data will be shared
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Note: all number shown here represent individual participants (not dyads).
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Regular Incentive | During the two-week intervention period, the standard incentive group will earn $2 per day when they meet their step goal, and this reward is earned regardless of whether they walk alone or with others. Standard Incentive: Receiving the full monetary incentive conditional on meeting a step goal and not conditional on walking together |
| FG001 | Social Incentive | During the two-week intervention period, he social incentive group will earn $1 per day when they meet their step goal and an additional $1 if they walk 2,000 steps together with another study participant. Social Incentive: Receiving half the monetary incentive conditional on meeting a step goal and half the monetary incentive conditional on walking together |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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Note: numbers indicate individual participants, not dyads.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Regular Incentive | During the two-week intervention period, the standard incentive group will earn $2 per day when they meet their step goal, and this reward is earned regardless of whether they walk alone or with others. Standard Incentive: Receiving the full monetary incentive conditional on meeting a step goal and not conditional on walking together |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Following our pre-registration, we omitted participants from analysis if the participant's dyad partner did not complete enrollment in the study, if the participant did not have at least 1 baseline day where >0 steps were recorded, or if the participant's dyad partner did not have at least 1 baseline day where >0 steps were recorded. |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change in Mean Daily Steps Walked From Baseline Period (Week 1) to Intervention Period (Weeks 2 and 3) | Change in mean daily steps walked from baseline (week 1) to intervention period (weeks 2 and 3), as recorded on the FitBit app | Numbers refer to individuals (not dyads). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | Standard Deviation | steps per day | week 2-3 |
|
5 weeks
Definitions do not differ
Note: Numbers below indicate individuals (not dyads) The number of "at risk" individuals includes all individuals who started the study flow, even those that did not meet inclusion criteria and did no receive any intervention.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Regular Incentive | During the two-week intervention period, the standard incentive group will earn $2 per day when they meet their step goal, and this reward is earned regardless of whether they walk alone or with others. Standard Incentive: Receiving the full monetary incentive conditional on meeting a step goal and not conditional on walking together |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gretchen Chapman, PhD | Carnegie Mellon University | 4122687380 | gchapman@andrew.cmu.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Oct 22, 2021 | Oct 22, 2021 | Prot_000.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | Oct 22, 2021 | Oct 22, 2021 | SAP_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D012934 | Social Isolation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D012919 | Social Behavior |
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Two group, between-subjects design
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The primary outcome is steps walked, as assessed via the Fitbit app, which is blind to study condition.
| Standard Incentive | Behavioral | Receiving the full monetary incentive conditional on meeting a step goal and not conditional on walking together |
|
| week 5 |
Fraction of days with self report of walking at least 2,000 steps with another participant during follow-up period (weeks 3-5) |
| week 4-5 |
| Proportion of Days Participant Walked Together With Partner (Coded) | A machine learning (ML) algorithm will compare the walking records from the Aware app of each dyad of participants and assess whether they walked together on each day | week 2-3 |
| Proportion of Days Participant Walked Together With Partner (Coded) | A machine learning (ML) algorithm will compare the walking records from the Aware app of each dyad of participants and assess whether they walked together on each day | week 4-5 |
| BG001 |
| Social Incentive |
During the two-week intervention period, he social incentive group will earn $1 per day when they meet their step goal and an additional $1 if they walk 2,000 steps together with another study participant. Social Incentive: Receiving half the monetary incentive conditional on meeting a step goal and half the monetary incentive conditional on walking together |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Mean |
| Standard Deviation |
| years |
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| Sex/Gender, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
During the two-week intervention period, he social incentive group will earn $1 per day when they meet their step goal and an additional $1 if they walk 2,000 steps together with another study participant. Social Incentive: Receiving half the monetary incentive conditional on meeting a step goal and half the monetary incentive conditional on walking together |
|
|
| Primary | Change in Mean Daily Steps Walked From Baseline Period (Week 1) to Follow-up Period (Weeks 4-5) | Change in mean daily steps walked from baseline to follow-up period, as recorded on the FitBit app | Numbers refer to individuals (not dyads). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | Standard Deviation | steps per day | week 4-5 |
|
|
|
| Primary | Mean Number of Days Met Daily Step Goal During Intervention Period (Weeks 2-3) Minus Mean Number of Days Met Same Level of Walking in Baseline Period (Week 1) | Mean number of days when an individual's number of steps walked was at or above daily goal during the intervention period (weeks 2 & 3) minus the mean number of days the individual's number of step's walking was at or above that same level during the baseline period (week 1) | Numbers refer to individuals (not dyads). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | Standard Deviation | days | week 2-3 |
|
|
|
| Primary | Mean Number of Days Met Daily Step Goal During Follow-up Period (Weeks 4-5) Minus Mean Number of Days Met Same Level of Walking in Baseline Period (Week 1) | Mean number of days when an individual's number of steps walked was at or above daily goal during the follow-up period (weeks 4 & 5) minus the mean number of days the individual's number of step's walking was at or above that same level during the baseline period (week 1) | Numbers refer to individuals (not dyads). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | Standard Deviation | days | week 4-5 |
|
|
|
| Primary | Change in Score on University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale (Survey Measure) | 20-item scale measuring subjective feelings of loneliness and social isolation. Minimum score = 0; maximum score = 60; higher scores indicate more loneliness. We computed the difference in score from baseline (beginning of week 1) to end of study (end of week 5). | Numbers refer to individuals (not dyads). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | week 5 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Fraction of Days Participant Walked Together With Partner (Self Report) During Intervention Period (Weeks 2-3) | Fraction of days with self report of walking at least 2,000 steps with another participant during intervention period (weeks 2-3) | Numbers refer to individuals (not dyads). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | Standard Error | proportion of days | week 2-3 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Fraction of Days Participant Walked Together With Partner (Self Report) During Follow-up Period (Weeks 4-5) | Fraction of days with self report of walking at least 2,000 steps with another participant during follow-up period (weeks 3-5) | Numbers refer to individuals (not dyads). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | Standard Error | proportion of days | week 4-5 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Proportion of Days Participant Walked Together With Partner (Coded) | A machine learning (ML) algorithm will compare the walking records from the Aware app of each dyad of participants and assess whether they walked together on each day | Participants with step data available for algorithm estimate | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | proportion of days walked together | week 2-3 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Proportion of Days Participant Walked Together With Partner (Coded) | A machine learning (ML) algorithm will compare the walking records from the Aware app of each dyad of participants and assess whether they walked together on each day | Participants with step data available for algorithm estimate | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | proportion of days walked together | week 4-5 |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 88 |
| 0 |
| 88 |
| 0 |
| 88 |
| EG001 | Social Incentive | During the two-week intervention period, he social incentive group will earn $1 per day when they meet their step goal and an additional $1 if they walk 2,000 steps together with another study participant. Social Incentive: Receiving half the monetary incentive conditional on meeting a step goal and half the monetary incentive conditional on walking together | 0 | 84 | 0 | 84 | 0 | 84 |
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