Children begin developing food acceptance and preferences during the first years of life, especially through repeated exposure and increased familiarity. Caregivers pay attention to the amounts of food that their children consume, and they also are sensitive to when their refuses to eat what is offered. This study will examine the interactions between caregivers and their infants when bitter vegetables are introduced to infants and toddlers. The goals for this study are to:

1. understand if masking bitterness with very low levels of sugar or salt may facilitate whether infants accept new vegetables;
2. understand if masking bitterness impacts caregivers' perceptions of infants' acceptance of new vegetables; and
3. understand the stress levels experienced by infants and caregivers throughout this process.

During a single visit, four versions of a kale puree will be made with 1) no added sugar or sodium; 2) 1.2% added sugar; 3) 1.8% added sugar; and 4) 0.2% added sodium to mask bitterness. First, a familiar food will be offered to provide baseline data. Then each of the four versions of the novel kale puree will be offered to the infant by their caregiver, and the order the kale versions are presented will be randomized. The salt version will always be offered last to control for the effects of a very different taste exposure (salt vs. sweet) and to try to avoid any significant carryover effects of salt taste on sweet perception. Feeding interactions will be video recorded for behavioral coding of infant responses to each bite. Additionally, infant and caregiver heart rate and skin conductance will be monitored to assess physiological responses in each participant throughout the feeding interaction.

Several measures will be observed in order to test predictors of infant food acceptance, caregiver perceptions of infants' responses, and physiological responses in infants and caregivers. These include:

• Demographic measures
• Observed caregiver height and weight
• Observed infant length and weight
• Child developmental stage using Ages and Stages screening tool
• Caregiver neophobia
• Caregiver preferences for and intake of fruits and vegetables
• Infant feeding history and food experience
• Eating behaviors using the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Toddlers
• Infant behavior using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (Garstein & Rothbart 2003 Infant Behav Dev)
• Caregiver feeding persistence

Inclusion Criteria:

• Term birth (gestational age > 37 weeks);
• Experience with at least 1 complementary food (e.g., infant cereal);
• Caregivers who are > 18 y and < 51 y of age;
• Caregivers who live within 75 miles of the University of Colorado-Denver campus.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Has genetic disorders or developmental disabilities as these conditions often result in feeding difficulties;
• Has a reported illness or metabolic disorder that would affect food intake (e.g., significant history of allergies);
• Born prematurely (< 37 weeks gestation);
• Caregivers who are younger than 18 y of age or > 51 y;
• Caregivers who live more than 75 miles from the University of Colorado-Denver campus;
• Caregivers who do not read and speak English.

Infants and caregivers who live in the Denver area will be recruited using advertising flyers, emails sent through a university listserv and parent email distribution, and word of mouth.

Data may be available upon request to the Principal Investigator