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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020/11146-0 | Other Grant/Funding Number | São Paulo Research Foundation | |
| 001 | Other Grant/Funding Number | Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho | OTHER |
| São Paulo State University | OTHER |
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The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate the effectiveness of post-exercise massage and cold-water immersion compared to control in young elite swimmers. The main questions it aims to answer are:
Researchers will compare massage and cold-water immersion to control and to each other to see if recovery is antecipated. They will also compare an in-water and an out-of-water fatigue protocol to see if they are effective and can be used in different settings.
Participants will:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Massage | Experimental | 12 minutes of effleurage and petrissage on the upper limbs administered after fatiguing exercise in the swimming pool |
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| Cold-water immersion | Experimental | 12 minutes of cold-water immersion at the shoulder level with water temperature between 11 to 15°C |
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| Control | No Intervention | 12 minutes of rest. The athletes are free to sit or walk around the place but are advised to refrain from exercise in and out of the pool. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Massage | Other | 12 minutes of effleurage and petrissage on the upper limbs |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Movement variability | Obtained from time series of biomechanical data expressed as degrees of shoulder and elbow flexion, and ergometric variables (i.e. pace, stroke frequency and average power) executed during a simulated out of water swim ergometric test to understand the impacts of fatigue on movement and explore changes during recovery. Measured at baseline, post-fatigue and post-interventions. Joint angles time series of shoulder and elbow flexion and ergometric variables were aggregated using mean, standard deviation and variation coefficients for data analyses. | From enrollment to the end of crossover treatments at 6 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Swim-related perceptions | Self-reported ratings regarding physical and mental readiness for exercise, fatigue, vigor, somnolence, pain, and perception of effort and recovery, measured by a numerical rating scale ranging from 0 (nothing) to 10 (extreme). Measured at baseline, post-fatigue and post-interventions | From enrollment to the end of crossover treatments at 6 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Carlos M Pastre, Doctor | University of São Paulo State, UNESP | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faculty of Science and Technology (UNESP) | Presidente Prudente | São Paulo | 19060-900 | Brazil |
The individual participant data will not be shared because they belong to a competitive team and most of the participants have less than 18 years old
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009069 | Movement Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008405 | Massage |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D064746 | Therapy, Soft Tissue |
| D026201 | Musculoskeletal Manipulations |
| D000529 | Complementary Therapies |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
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| Cold water immersion |
| Other |
12 minutes of cold water immersion at the shoulder level with water temperature between 11 to 15°C |
|
| Myotonometry | Muscle tone, stiffness and elasticity were assessed by the MyotonPRO. The equipment probe will be placed perpendicular to the skin surface on the muscle belly previously marked with a pen by the evaluator at 1: Deltoid; 2: Pectoralis Major; 3: Biceps brachii; 4: Upper Trapezius; 5: Latissimus dorsi; 7: Triceps. Values were deemed acceptable if there were less than 3% of variation between the impulses. Measured at baseline, post-fatigue and post-interventions. | From enrollment to the end of crossover treatments at 6 weeks |
| Skin temperature | The temperature will be measured using an infrared thermographic camera, at the same points of myotonometry. Measured before and after the interventions. | From week 4 to 6 |
| Beliefs in the recovery techniques | Participants will be asked if they believe that massage, cold-water immersion and resting contribute to their recovery before and after the study | Week 6 |
| Preference | After the study the participants will be asked which of the interventions they preferred to received to recover from the fatiguing exercise | Week 6 |
| Sense of position | Participants will be asked to position their dominant upper limb at 90° which will be indicated by a target fixed on the wall 1 meter ahead of them. They will have 3 chances to point at the target and memorize the position. Afterwards, participants will have 3 chances to point at the target without vision (by blindfold). Measured at baseline, post-fatigue and post-interventions | From enrollment to the end of crossover treatments at 6 weeks |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |