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The aim of this study is to determine if BFR-LIX promotes greater increases in shoulder lean mass, rotator cuff strength, endurance, and acute increases in shoulder muscle activation compared to LIX alone.
Healthy Volunteers: Thirty-two healthy adults were randomized into two groups (BFRm=13,f=3, NoBFRm=10,f=6) that performed 8wks of shoulder LIX [2/wk, 4 sets (30/15/15/fatigue), 20%max] using common rotator cuff exercises [cable external rotation (ER), cable internal rotation (IR), dumbbell scaption (SCAP), and side-lying dumbbell ER (SLER)]. The BFR group also trained with an automated tourniquet placed at the proximal arm (50%-occlusion). Regional lean mass (dual-energy-xray-absorptiometry), isometric strength, and muscular endurance (repetitions-to-fatigue, RTF, 20%max, with and without 50%-occlusion) was measured before and after training. Electromyographic amplitude (EMGa) was also recorded from target shoulder muscles during endurance testing. A mixed-model ANCOVA (covaried on baseline measures) was used to detect within and between-group differences in primary outcome measures (α=0.05).
Pitchers: Twenty-eight collegiate baseball pitchers were randomized into 2 groups (BFRN=15, NOBFRN=13) that, in conjunction with offseason training, performed 8wks of shoulder LIX [Throwing arm only; 2/wk, 4 sets (30/15/15/fatigue), 20%isometric max] using 4 exercises [cable external and internal rotation (ER/IR), dumbbell scaption, and side-lying dumbbell ER]. The BFR group also trained with an automated tourniquet on the proximal arm (50%-occlusion). Regional lean mass (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), rotator cuff strength (dynamometry: IR0&90, ° ER0&90, ° Scaption, Flexion), and fastball biomechanics were assessed pre- and post-training. Achievable workload (sets × reps × resistance) was also recorded. An ANCOVA (covaried on baseline measures) repeated on training timepoint was used to detect within-group and between-group differences in outcome measures (α=0.05). For significant pairwise comparisons, effect size (ES) was calculated using a Cohen's d statistic and interpreted as: 0-0.1, negligible(N); 0.1-0.3, small(S); 0.3-0.5, moderate(M); 0.5-0.7, large(L); >0.7, very large(VL).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| No Intervention: Control | No Intervention | Participants in this group performed the exercises without the blood flow restriction therapy cuff | |
| Experimental: BFR | Experimental | Participants in this group performed the exercises with the blood flow restriction therapy cuff |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood flow restriction therapy | Device | The study group underwent the same exercises as the control group modified by the use of a tourniquet for blood flow restriction during those exercises. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Determine if BFR Changes UE Lean Muscle Mass in the General Population | UE lean muscle mass was measured in grams using DEXA. These data are reported as an average of both the left and right side. | Baseline and 8 weeks |
| Isometric Rotator Cuff Strength in General Population | Peak strength was measured using a hand-held dynamometer. A standardized procedure was used for shoulder strength testing, and all testing was performed by a sports-specialized (American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties Sports Clinical Specialist) physical therapist. A total of 6 different maximal isometric strength tests were used to measure the strength of the rotator cuff muscles in the following order: (1) seated forward flexion at 90 of shoulder abduction, (2) seated scaption at 90, (3) seated external rotation (ER) at 0, (4) seated internal rotation (IR) at 0, (5) prone ER at 90, and (6) prone IR at 90. Peak strength was measured using a microFET2 (Hoggan Scientific) hand-held dynamometer. For each isometric test, participants performed a 3-second maximal-exertion contraction against the dynamometer to determine peak strength. For each measure, tests were performed 3 times, and the highest value among the 3 trials was selected as the maximal strength value. | Baseline and 8 weeks |
| Determine if BFR Changes Shoulder Lean Muscle Mass in Pitchers | Shoulder lean muscle mass was measured in grams using DEXA. These data are reported for each arm. | Baseline, 8 weeks |
| Isometric Rotator Cuff Strength in Pitchers | Peak strength was measured using a hand-held dynamometer. A standardized procedure was used for shoulder strength testing, and all testing was performed by a sports-specialized (American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties Sports Clinical Specialist) physical therapist. A total of 6 different maximal isometric strength tests were used to measure the strength of the rotator cuff muscles in the following order: (1) seated forward flexion at 90 of shoulder abduction, (2) seated scaption at 90, (3) seated external rotation (ER) at 0, (4) seated internal rotation (IR) at 0, (5) prone ER at 90, and (6) prone IR at 90. Peak strength was measured using a microFET2 (Hoggan Scientific) hand-held dynamometer. For each isometric test, participants performed a 3-second maximal-exertion contraction against the dynamometer to determine peak strength. For each measure, tests were performed 3 times, and the highest value among the 3 trials was selected as the maximal strength value. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Strength Endurance in General Population | repetitions to fatigue (RTF) were performed for 3 exercises. Volume (repetitions x resistance, kg) was calculated for each trial as is common for strength training investigations. After strength testing, participants were asked to perform the first of 2 endurance tests separated by 48 to 72 hours. On both occasions, a single set of repetitions to fatigue (RTF) were performed for 3 exercises in the following order: standing cable ER at 0 of shoulder abduction, standing cable IR at 0, and dumbbell scaption with each exercise separated by a 2-minute rest period and alternating between arms (order randomized). This test was performed in both groups with and without 50% limb occlusion pressure (LOP) applied by an automated tourniquet system. A nylon cuff was placed around the most proximal portion of the upper extremity for all testing. The order of testing was randomized between the 2 testing days for each participant. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Patrick C McCulloch, MD | The Methodist Hospital Research Institute | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Houston Methodist Hospital | Houston | Texas | 77030 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12183514 | Background | Adams GR. Invited Review: Autocrine/paracrine IGF-I and skeletal muscle adaptation. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 Sep;93(3):1159-67. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01264.2001. | |
| 20581041 | Background | Burd NA, Holwerda AM, Selby KC, West DW, Staples AW, Cain NE, Cashaback JG, Potvin JR, Baker SK, Phillips SM. Resistance exercise volume affects myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic signalling molecule phosphorylation in young men. J Physiol. 2010 Aug 15;588(Pt 16):3119-30. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.192856. Epub 2010 Jun 25. |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | No Intervention: Control (General Population) | Participants in this group performed the exercises without the blood flow restriction therapy cuff. Additionally, these participants are considered part of the general population. |
| FG001 | Experimental: BFR (General Population) | Participants in this group performed the exercises with the blood flow restriction therapy cuff Blood flow restriction therapy: The study group underwent the same exercises as the control group modified by the use of a tourniquet for blood flow restriction during those exercises. Additionally, these participants are considered part of the general population. |
| FG002 | No Intervention: Control (Pitchers) | Participants in this group performed the exercises without the blood flow restriction therapy cuff. Additionally, these participants are considered the pitchers. |
| FG003 | Experimental: BFR (Pitchers) | Participants in this group performed the exercises with the blood flow restriction therapy cuff Blood flow restriction therapy: The study group underwent the same exercises as the control group modified by the use of a tourniquet for blood flow restriction during those exercises. Additionally, these participants are considered the pitchers. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
Not provided
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | No Intervention: Control (General Population) | Participants in this group performed the exercises without the blood flow restriction therapy cuff. Additionally, these participants are considered part of the general population. |
| BG001 | Experimental: BFR (General Population) |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Determine if BFR Changes UE Lean Muscle Mass in the General Population | UE lean muscle mass was measured in grams using DEXA. These data are reported as an average of both the left and right side. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | g | Baseline and 8 weeks |
|
The AE was a single episode of a muscle strain. The subject was monitored from the time of the event through study completion, an average of 8 weeks.
It was a muscle strain as the volunteer had an untrained arm. It was treated with ibuprofen, the subject was completely fine and able to finish the study.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | No Intervention: Control (General Population) | Participants in this group performed the exercises without the blood flow restriction therapy cuff. Additionally, these participants are considered part of the general population. |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other | Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Other | Systematic Assessment | The subject had an arm muscle strain from having an untrained arm. They were treated with ibuprofen, cleared by the PI and were able to complete the study. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bradley Lambert | Houston Methodist Hospital | 8326872483 | bslambert@houstonmethodist.org |
Not provided
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jul 19, 2019 | Apr 22, 2024 | Prot_SAP_003.pdf |
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Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000090003 | Blood Flow Restriction Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005081 | Exercise Therapy |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
Not provided
Not provided
Participants were randomized to either perform exercises with blood flow restriction therapy or without
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| Baseline, 8 weeks |
| Baseline and 8 weeks |
| 19285766 | Background | Cifrek M, Medved V, Tonkovic S, Ostojic S. Surface EMG based muscle fatigue evaluation in biomechanics. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2009 May;24(4):327-40. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2009.01.010. Epub 2009 Mar 13. |
| 17909396 | Background | Cook SB, Clark BC, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Effects of exercise load and blood-flow restriction on skeletal muscle function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Oct;39(10):1708-13. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31812383d6. |
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| 26294055 | Background | Cools AM, Vanderstukken F, Vereecken F, Duprez M, Heyman K, Goethals N, Johansson F. Eccentric and isometric shoulder rotator cuff strength testing using a hand-held dynamometer: reference values for overhead athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016 Dec;24(12):3838-3847. doi: 10.1007/s00167-015-3755-9. Epub 2015 Aug 21. |
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| 26446893 | Background | Dankel SJ, Jessee MB, Abe T, Loenneke JP. The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Upper-Body Musculature Located Distal and Proximal to Applied Pressure. Sports Med. 2016 Jan;46(1):23-33. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0407-7. |
| 29022275 | Background | Figueiredo VC, de Salles BF, Trajano GS. Volume for Muscle Hypertrophy and Health Outcomes: The Most Effective Variable in Resistance Training. Sports Med. 2018 Mar;48(3):499-505. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0793-0. |
| 15570149 | Background | Glowacki SP, Martin SE, Maurer A, Baek W, Green JS, Crouse SF. Effects of resistance, endurance, and concurrent exercise on training outcomes in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Dec;36(12):2119-27. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000147629.74832.52. |
| 28121207 | Background | Hollman JH, Berling TA, Crum EO, Miller KM, Simmons BT, Youdas JW. Do Verbal and Tactile Cueing Selectively Alter Gluteus Maximus and Hamstring Recruitment During a Supine Bridging Exercise in Active Females? A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sport Rehabil. 2018 Mar 1;27(2):138-143. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2016-0130. Epub 2018 Mar 1. |
| 28259850 | Background | Hughes L, Paton B, Rosenblatt B, Gissane C, Patterson SD. Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Jul;51(13):1003-1011. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097071. Epub 2017 Mar 4. |
| 29630752 | Background | Hughes L, Rosenblatt B, Gissane C, Paton B, Patterson SD. Interface pressure, perceptual, and mean arterial pressure responses to different blood flow restriction systems. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018 Jul;28(7):1757-1765. doi: 10.1111/sms.13092. Epub 2018 Apr 30. |
| 15763675 | Background | Illyes A, Kiss RM. Shoulder muscle activity during pushing, pulling, elevation and overhead throw. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2005 Jun;15(3):282-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2004.10.005. |
| Background | Lambert B, Hedt C, Epner E, et al. BFR For Proximal Benefit: Blood Flow Restriction Therapy For The Shoulder?: 3527: Board# 215 June 1 9: 30 AM-11: 00 AM. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(6):972-973. |
| Background | Lambert B, Hedt CA, Jack RA, et al. Blood Flow Restriction Therapy Preserves Whole Limb Bone and Muscle Following ACL Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019;7(3_suppl2):2325967119S2325900196. |
| Background | Lambert BS, Hedt C, Moreno M, Harris JD, McCulloch P. Blood Flow Restriction Therapy for Stimulating Skeletal Muscle Growth: Practical Considerations for Maximizing Recovery in Clinical Rehabilitation Settings. Tech Orthop. 2018;33(2):89-97 |
| 25425002 | Background | Lambert BS, Shimkus KL, Fluckey JD, Riechman SE, Greene NP, Cardin JM, Crouse SF. Anabolic responses to acute and chronic resistance exercise are enhanced when combined with aquatic treadmill exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Feb 1;308(3):E192-200. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00689.2013. Epub 2014 Nov 25. |
| 25187395 | Background | Loenneke JP, Kim D, Fahs CA, Thiebaud RS, Abe T, Larson RD, Bemben DA, Bemben MG. Effects of exercise with and without different degrees of blood flow restriction on torque and muscle activation. Muscle Nerve. 2015 May;51(5):713-21. doi: 10.1002/mus.24448. |
| 18202577 | Background | Madarame H, Neya M, Ochi E, Nakazato K, Sato Y, Ishii N. Cross-transfer effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Feb;40(2):258-63. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31815c6d7e. |
| 28088558 | Background | Mattocks KT, Jessee MB, Counts BR, Buckner SL, Grant Mouser J, Dankel SJ, Laurentino GC, Loenneke JP. The effects of upper body exercise across different levels of blood flow restriction on arterial occlusion pressure and perceptual responses. Physiol Behav. 2017 Mar 15;171:181-186. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.015. Epub 2017 Jan 11. |
| 25571987 | Background | Oishi Y, Tsukamoto H, Yokokawa T, Hirotsu K, Shimazu M, Uchida K, Tomi H, Higashida K, Iwanaka N, Hashimoto T. Mixed lactate and caffeine compound increases satellite cell activity and anabolic signals for muscle hypertrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015 Mar 15;118(6):742-9. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00054.2014. Epub 2015 Jan 8. |
| 26121432 | Background | Oliver JM, Kreutzer A, Jenke SC, Phillips MD, Mitchell JB, Jones MT. Velocity Drives Greater Power Observed During Back Squat Using Cluster Sets. J Strength Cond Res. 2016 Jan;30(1):235-43. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001023. |
| 16984982 | Background | Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M, Cree MG, Hewlings SJ, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA. Atrophy and impaired muscle protein synthesis during prolonged inactivity and stress. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Dec;91(12):4836-41. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-0651. Epub 2006 Sep 19. |
| 29041823 | Background | Ploughman M, Shears J, Quinton S, Flight C, O'brien M, MacCallum P, Kirkland MC, Byrne JM. Therapists' cues influence lower limb muscle activation and kinematics during gait training in subacute stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2018 Dec;40(26):3156-3163. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1380720. Epub 2017 Oct 17. |
| 31447684 | Background | Rome S, Forterre A, Mizgier ML, Bouzakri K. Skeletal Muscle-Released Extracellular Vesicles: State of the Art. Front Physiol. 2019 Aug 9;10:929. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00929. eCollection 2019. |
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| Background | Sawilowsky SS. New effect size rules of thumb. J Mod Appl Stat Method. 2009;8(2):26. |
| 11805863 | Background | Scheuermann BW, Tripse McConnell JH, Barstow TJ. EMG and oxygen uptake responses during slow and fast ramp exercise in humans. Exp Physiol. 2002 Jan;87(1):91-100. doi: 10.1113/eph8702246. |
| 20360434 | Background | Suga T, Okita K, Morita N, Yokota T, Hirabayashi K, Horiuchi M, Takada S, Omokawa M, Kinugawa S, Tsutsui H. Dose effect on intramuscular metabolic stress during low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Jun;108(6):1563-7. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2009. Epub 2010 Apr 1. |
| 22415101 | Background | Suga T, Okita K, Takada S, Omokawa M, Kadoguchi T, Yokota T, Hirabayashi K, Takahashi M, Morita N, Horiuchi M, Kinugawa S, Tsutsui H. Effect of multiple set on intramuscular metabolic stress during low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012 Nov;112(11):3915-20. doi: 10.1007/s00421-012-2377-x. Epub 2012 Mar 14. |
| 15959798 | Background | Takano H, Morita T, Iida H, Asada K, Kato M, Uno K, Hirose K, Matsumoto A, Takenaka K, Hirata Y, Eto F, Nagai R, Sato Y, Nakajima T. Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of muscle blood flow. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005 Sep;95(1):65-73. doi: 10.1007/s00421-005-1389-1. Epub 2005 Jun 15. |
| 11128848 | Background | Takarada Y, Takazawa H, Ishii N. Applications of vascular occlusion diminish disuse atrophy of knee extensor muscles. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000 Dec;32(12):2035-9. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200012000-00011. |
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| 18490165 | Background | Troiano A, Naddeo F, Sosso E, Camarota G, Merletti R, Mesin L. Assessment of force and fatigue in isometric contractions of the upper trapezius muscle by surface EMG signal and perceived exertion scale. Gait Posture. 2008 Aug;28(2):179-86. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.04.002. Epub 2008 May 19. |
| 20618358 | Background | Yasuda T, Fujita S, Ogasawara R, Sato Y, Abe T. Effects of low-intensity bench press training with restricted arm muscle blood flow on chest muscle hypertrophy: a pilot study. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2010 Sep;30(5):338-343. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-097X.2010.00949.x. Epub 2010 Jul 4. |
| COVID-19 Contact Tracing Protocols prevented completion of study activities |
|
| Adverse Event |
|
Participants in this group performed the exercises with the blood flow restriction therapy cuff Blood flow restriction therapy: The study group underwent the same exercises as the control group modified by the use of a tourniquet for blood flow restriction during those exercises. Additionally, these participants are considered part of the general population. |
| BG002 | No Intervention: Control (Pitchers) | Participants in this group performed the exercises without the blood flow restriction therapy cuff. Additionally, these participants are considered the pitchers. |
| BG003 | Experimental: BFR (Pitchers) | Participants in this group performed the exercises with the blood flow restriction therapy cuff Blood flow restriction therapy: The study group underwent the same exercises as the control group modified by the use of a tourniquet for blood flow restriction during those exercises. Additionally, these participants are considered the pitchers. |
| BG004 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
|
|
| Primary | Isometric Rotator Cuff Strength in General Population | Peak strength was measured using a hand-held dynamometer. A standardized procedure was used for shoulder strength testing, and all testing was performed by a sports-specialized (American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties Sports Clinical Specialist) physical therapist. A total of 6 different maximal isometric strength tests were used to measure the strength of the rotator cuff muscles in the following order: (1) seated forward flexion at 90 of shoulder abduction, (2) seated scaption at 90, (3) seated external rotation (ER) at 0, (4) seated internal rotation (IR) at 0, (5) prone ER at 90, and (6) prone IR at 90. Peak strength was measured using a microFET2 (Hoggan Scientific) hand-held dynamometer. For each isometric test, participants performed a 3-second maximal-exertion contraction against the dynamometer to determine peak strength. For each measure, tests were performed 3 times, and the highest value among the 3 trials was selected as the maximal strength value. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | kg | Baseline and 8 weeks |
|
|
|
| Primary | Determine if BFR Changes Shoulder Lean Muscle Mass in Pitchers | Shoulder lean muscle mass was measured in grams using DEXA. These data are reported for each arm. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | g | Baseline, 8 weeks |
|
|
|
| Primary | Isometric Rotator Cuff Strength in Pitchers | Peak strength was measured using a hand-held dynamometer. A standardized procedure was used for shoulder strength testing, and all testing was performed by a sports-specialized (American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties Sports Clinical Specialist) physical therapist. A total of 6 different maximal isometric strength tests were used to measure the strength of the rotator cuff muscles in the following order: (1) seated forward flexion at 90 of shoulder abduction, (2) seated scaption at 90, (3) seated external rotation (ER) at 0, (4) seated internal rotation (IR) at 0, (5) prone ER at 90, and (6) prone IR at 90. Peak strength was measured using a microFET2 (Hoggan Scientific) hand-held dynamometer. For each isometric test, participants performed a 3-second maximal-exertion contraction against the dynamometer to determine peak strength. For each measure, tests were performed 3 times, and the highest value among the 3 trials was selected as the maximal strength value. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | kg | Baseline, 8 weeks |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Strength Endurance in General Population | repetitions to fatigue (RTF) were performed for 3 exercises. Volume (repetitions x resistance, kg) was calculated for each trial as is common for strength training investigations. After strength testing, participants were asked to perform the first of 2 endurance tests separated by 48 to 72 hours. On both occasions, a single set of repetitions to fatigue (RTF) were performed for 3 exercises in the following order: standing cable ER at 0 of shoulder abduction, standing cable IR at 0, and dumbbell scaption with each exercise separated by a 2-minute rest period and alternating between arms (order randomized). This test was performed in both groups with and without 50% limb occlusion pressure (LOP) applied by an automated tourniquet system. A nylon cuff was placed around the most proximal portion of the upper extremity for all testing. The order of testing was randomized between the 2 testing days for each participant. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | kg | Baseline and 8 weeks |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 16 |
| 0 |
| 16 |
| 0 |
| 16 |
| EG001 | Experimental: BFR (General Population) | Participants in this group performed the exercises with the blood flow restriction therapy cuff Blood flow restriction therapy: The study group underwent the same exercises as the control group modified by the use of a tourniquet for blood flow restriction during those exercises. Additionally, these participants are considered part of the general population. | 0 | 16 | 1 | 16 | 0 | 16 |
| EG002 | No Intervention: Control (Pitchers) | Participants in this group performed the exercises without the blood flow restriction therapy cuff. Additionally, these participants are considered the pitchers. | 0 | 13 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 13 |
| EG003 | Experimental: BFR (Pitchers) | Participants in this group performed the exercises with the blood flow restriction therapy cuff Blood flow restriction therapy: The study group underwent the same exercises as the control group modified by the use of a tourniquet for blood flow restriction during those exercises. Additionally, these participants are considered the pitchers. | 0 | 15 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 15 |
|
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| D005791 |
| Patient Care |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| Between 18 and 65 years |
|
| >=65 years |
|
| Male |
|
| Pre Scaption |
|
| Post Scaption |
|
| Pre ER at 0 |
|
| Post ER at 0 |
|
| Pre IR at 0 |
|
| Post IR at 0 |
|
| Pre ER at 90 |
|
| Post ER at 90 |
|
| Pre IR at 90 |
|
| Post IR at 90 |
|
| Shoulder Lean Muscle Mass in Throwing Arm at 8 Weeks |
|
| Shoulder Lean Muscle Mass in Non-Throwing Arm at 8 Weeks |
|
| Pre Flexion in Non-throwing arm |
|
| Post flexion in Non-Throwing Arm |
|
| Pre Scaption in Throwing Arm |
|
| Post Scaption in Throwing Arm |
|
| Pre Scaption in Non-Throwing Arm |
|
| Post Scaption in Non-Throwing Arm |
|
| Pre ER at 0 in Throwing Arm |
|
| Post ER at 0 in Throwing Arm |
|
| Pre ER at 0 in Non-Throwing Arm |
|
| Post ER at 0 in Non-Throwing Arm |
|
| Pre IR at 0 in Throwing Arm |
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| Post IR at 0 in Throwing Arm |
|
| Pre IR at 0 in Non-Throwing Arm |
|
| Post IR at 0 in Non-Throwing Arm |
|
| Pre ER at 90 in Throwing Arm |
|
| Post ER at 90 in Throwing Arm |
|
| Pre ER at 90 in Non-Throwing Arm |
|
| Post ER at 90 in Non-Throwing Arm |
|
| Pre IR at 90 in Throwing Arm |
|
| Post IR at 90 in Throwing Arm |
|
| Pre IR at 90 in Non-Throwing Arm |
|
| Post IR at 90 in Non-Throwing Arm |
|
| Cable IR - Pre at 50% LOP |
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| Cable IR - Post at 50% LOP |
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| Scaption - Pre at 50% LOP |
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| Scaption - Post at 50% LOP |
|
| Cable ER - Pre without LOP |
|
| Cable ER Post without LOP |
|
| Cable IR - Pre at without LOP |
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| Cable IR - Post at without LOP |
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| Scaption - Pre at without LOP |
|
| Scaption - Post without LOP |
|