Pre-operative Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Internal Jugular Vein Collapsibility Index and Inferior Vena Cava Collapsibility Index to Predict Post Spinal Hypotension in Pregnant Women Undergoing Caesarean Section
Pre-operative Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Internal Jugular Vein Collapsibility Index and Inferior Vena Cava Collapsibility Index to Predict Post Spinal Hypotension in Pregnant Women Undergoing Caesarean Section
Postspinal hypotension (PSH) is common in obstetric anesthesia practice, with an incidence of up to 71 %. PSH can occur precipitously and, if severe, can result in both maternal and fetal/neonatal adverse events. Pregnant women with predelivery hypovolemia are at risk of cardiovascular collapse and the sympathetic blockade may severely decrease venous return. Hence, prevention of PSH is an essential element in obstetric anesthesia and fasting for aspiration prophylaxis may further add up to the hypovolemia for the patients not on maintenance fluids.
Hemodynamic monitoring in obstetric patients has evolved during the last decade, with the development of minimally invasive and noninvasive continuous cardiac output (CO) monitors. Ultrasound (USG) is a method for noninvasive hemodynamic optimization in the ICU and ED, and it may be more helpful than other noninvasive methods. Transabdominal USG measurements of inferior vena cava (IVC) are noninvasive and thus are not associated with complications. USG of the IVC diameter is a useful and easy method for assessing a patient's volume status by calculating the IVC collapsibility index (IVCCI).
Recently, the usefulness of point-of-care ultrasonographic examination, performed by anesthesiologists in real time, for perioperative management has been reported . Ultrasonographic studies have established the utility of measuring the inferior vena cava (IVC) or internal jugular Vein (IJV) for evaluating intravascular volume status .
In particular, IVC diameter and collapsibility, obtained from ultrasonographic measurement, have been demonstrated to be predictors of hypotension after anesthetic administration.
Pregnant women planned for elective surgery will be advised for nil per oral after midnight and. After detailed preanesthetic checkup, on arrival in operating room, standard monitoring devices will be attached (pulse oximeter, noninvasive blood pressure and 3-lead electrocardiography).
Machine
A sonosite M-Turbo ultrasound machine will be used for all the examinations. A curvilinear USG probe for IVC imaging (1-5 MHz, 21 mm). A linear vascular transuder for IJV imaging (7-13 MHz, 38 mm) will be used.
Measurements
IJV measurement
All the measurements will be done on Right IJV with the patients initially lying supine at 0° and later head end elevated at 30°. With the patients in supine position, the USG transducer will be placed on the right side of the neck in the transverse plane over RIJV 2 cm above the sternoclavicular joint. The IJV will be identified by the color flow Doppler and compressibility. Care will be taken not to compress or obliterate the vein by applying minimal pressure. When the whole circumference of the vein will be visible the measurements were done. The recordings will be done for four respiratory cycles. The maximum, minimum AP diameters, and cross-sectional area will be estimated and, from this, corresponding CI will be derived (Maximum diameter or cross-sectional area (CSA)-minimum diameter or CSA/maximum diameter or CSA) ×100%. All the above measurements will be repeated with the head end of patients elevated to 30° position
IVC measurements
The transducer will be placed in the subxiphoid region in a longitudinal position. IVC measurements will be made just distal to the IVC-hepatic vein junction, approximately 3 to 4 cm distal to the right atrium. The IVC will be identified by Doppler waveform, compressibility and phasic collapse with respiration. The maximum (IVCD) and minimum (IVCD) internal anteroposterior (AP) diameters of the IVC at the end of expiration and inspiration respectively over the same respiratory cycle will be measured. The IVCCI is derived from the equation, IVCCI= (IVCD max -IVCD min)/IVCD max × 100.
The patients will be positioned in sitting position to give the spinal anesthesia at L3-L4/L2-L3 intervertebral level in the midline approach. After local infiltration of skin and subcutaneous tissue with 2% lignocaine, 25 G B-braun spinal needle will be used to administer subarachnoid block (SAB) with 2.5 ml of hyperbaric bupivacaine (5%) and 20 µg of fentanyl after confirmation of free flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at the hub of the needle. Patients will be coloaded with 10-12 ml/kg (over the period of 15 min) of Ringer's Lactate (RL) solution at the time of SAB. Thereafter, patients will be placed in supine position with wedge under the right hip. HR, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and SpO2 will be recorded throughout the procedure every 3 min till 15 min of SAB. Level of sensory block will be assessed by response to cold touch and surgery will be allowed after sensory blocks reaches to T6 level. Hypotension (reduction in MAP more than 20% and/or MAP <65 mmHg) will be treated with 6 mg of injection of ephedrine and a bolus of 250 ml of Ringer's Lactate (RL) solution over 10 minutes. Number of boluses of ephedrine and fluids will be recorded. Bradycardia (Heart Rate < 50 beats/ min) will be treated with 0.6 mg of injection atropine.
Data collection
The attending anaesthesiologist who will perform subarachnoid block (SAB) and will monitor the patient during the study period will be blinded to the ultrasound measurements of both inferior vena cava collapsibility index (IVCCI) and internal jugular vein collapsibility index (IJVCI) which will be recorded by either of the two investigators pre-operatively.
Measurements:
Inclusion Criteria:
1.55 female patients 2. aged 20-40 years 3.ASA Physical Status Class I and II 4. scheduled for elective lower segment cesarean section
Exclusion Criteria: