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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| R21HD097761 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| University of Southern California | OTHER |
| Tufts Medical Center | OTHER |
| Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) | NIH |
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Dog ownership can serve as a vehicle for large-scale multi-level public health interventions, especially for pediatric overweight and obesity, due to dogs' unique place in children and adolescents' social networks.This study develops and tests a novel approach to design a Canine Health-Literacy module to enhance a Comprehensive Family Lifestyle Intervention BodyWorks, for dog-owning adolescents who have been diagnosed with overweight or obesity, and their parents. The results are anticipated to make an important step towards addressing the overweight and obesity epidemic among both people and companion dogs in the U.S.
This project is a feasibility, acceptability, and pilot study that leverages the psychosocial benefits of informed and attached dog ownership among treatment-naïve overweight or obese adolescents. It is based upon a socioecological model of health behavior that pursues multiple levels of influence, including those extending across species lines such as physical activity. BodyWorks, a Comprehensive Behavioral Family Lifestyle Interventions (CBFLI), a national, empirically validated, curriculum-based 8-week program (orientation and 7 weeks of curriculum) will be offered at Children's Hospital Los Angeles AltaMed Division of General Pediatrics, a Federally Qualified Healthcare Center. The aims of the study are: Specific Aim 1: Using current empirical evidence in veterinary medicine, to develop a Canine Health Literacy module (CHL) to be delivered as part of the existing, empirically tested BW curriculum to increase adolescents' health literacy about their dogs' physical activity needs, weight status, and nutrition. Specific Aim 2: Test the feasibility and acceptability of a concurrent approach using physical activity trackers and Ecological Momentary Assessment. 2(a): Test the feasibility and acceptability of objective measurement of physical activity using wireless fitness trackers for adolescents (FitBit Inspire), their parents (FitBit Inspire), and their dogs (FitBark); 2(b): Test the feasibility and acceptability of using mobile phones for Ecological Momentary Assessment of types and contexts of adolescent's physical activity with dogs. Specific Aim 3: To establish the size of the effect, and the variability associated with the 8 week-long BW + CHL module, as compared with the control group who received the standard BW program in 3(a) adolescents' positive affect during or after physical activity with the dog, as measured by the Ecological Momentary Assessment using prompts on mobile phones; and 3(b) levels of overall physical activity for the adolescents, their parents, and the dogs as measured by the FitBit Ace (adolescents), FitBit Flex2 (parents), and FitBark (dogs). The project will establish feasibility, acceptability, attrition, and protocol compliance, and will collect pilot data needed for power calculations in preparation for an R01 Randomized Controlled Trial as a next step to test the effectiveness of our enhanced BW+CHL program. This project represents a significant methodological and theoretical advancement in the field of Human-Animal Interaction (HAI) and in research on overweight and obesity.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Experimental | Half of the BodyWorks families will be randomized to the intervention group, and will receive a PAT for the children, the parents, and the dogs at the beginning of the cycle; the children will respond to EMA surveys using a cell phone; the children and the parents will receive the Canine health literacy module in addition to the BW curriculum. |
|
| Control | Active Comparator | Half of the BodyWorks participants will be randomized to the control group and will receive a PAT at the beginning of the cycle for the children, the parents, and the dogs, and the children will respond to EMA surveys using cell phones. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BodyWorks Intervention | Behavioral | BodyWorks (BW), a Comprehensive Behavioral Family Lifestyle Interventions (CBFLI), a national, empirically validated, curriculum-based 7-week program will be implemented (Borden et al., 2012; DHHS, 2013) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Mean Physical Activity Associated With the BodyWorks + Canine Health Literacy Intervention for Parents and Adolescents | Determine the mean of the average of the first 7 days (with valid data >100 steps) and the last 7 days of the intervention for intervention and control groups as measured by the physical activity trackers. | Baseline to 7 weeks |
| Change From Baseline for Adolescent Affect Variability Associated With the BodyWorks + Canine Health Literacy Intervention. | Determining the mean difference between the groups in the positive and negative affect ecological momentary assessment outcomes. | Baseline to 7 weeks |
| Mean Number of Questions Answered for Adolescent Feasibility of Ecological Momentary Assessment | Feasibility will be determined by data completeness: Percentage of survey questions answered out of 13 possible questions. | Baseline to week 7 |
| Number of Adolescents That Responded to Physical Acceptability of Ecological Momentary Assessment | Acceptability will be measured by EMA prompt on physical activity with dog. | Week 7 of intervention |
| Number of Parents and Adolescents Feasibility of Use of Physical Activity Trackers. | Feasibility will be determined by data completeness: Number of adolescents and parents with meaningful data (greater than 100 steps >=7 days) out of participants with fitbit data. | Baseline to 7 weeks |
| Mean Score of Parents and Adolescents Acceptability of Use of Physical Activity Trackers Using Likert Scale. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Body Mass Index From Baseline for Adolescent | Weight and height will be used to calculate BMI in kg/m^2 | Baseline to 7 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Larry Yin, MD, MSPH | Children's Hospital Los Angeles | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AltaMed@CHLA | Los Angeles | California | 90057 | United States |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Intervention | Half of the BodyWorks families will be randomized to the intervention group, and will receive a PAT for the children, the parents, and the dogs at the beginning of the cycle; the children will respond to EMA surveys using a cell phone; the children and the parents will receive the Canine health literacy module in addition to the BW curriculum. |
| FG001 | Control | Half of the BodyWorks participants will be randomized to the control group and will receive a PAT at the beginning of the cycle for the children, the parents, and the dogs, and the children will respond to EMA surveys using cell phones. BodyWorks Intervention: BodyWorks (BW), a Comprehensive Behavioral Family Lifestyle Interventions (CBFLI), a national, empirically validated, curriculum-based 7-week program will be implemented (Borden et al., 2012; DHHS, 2013) Ecological Momentary Assessment: Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMA) of physical activity will be conducted using mobile phones for 7 weeks of the BW program, prospectively collecting data on 4 days per week (Saturday to Tuesday) (Dunton et al., 2011; Liao et al., 2016). Physical Activity Trackers: Three types of consumer-grade wireless personal activity trackers (PATs): FitBit Inspire® designed for children 8 years of age and older; FitBit Inspire® for adults (Diaz et al., 2015; Espinoza et al., 2017); and FitBark®, wireless, global positioning systems (GPS)-based personal activity trackers for dogs (Patel et al., 2017). This approach will allow us to evaluate quantity (number of steps) and intensity of physical activity in the adolescents, their parents, and their dogs, as well as to synchronize Fitbit Ace and FitBark to establish the amount of shared physical activity of adolescents and their dogs. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
Total parents, adolescents. I group: (46 parents, 51 adolescents); C group: (n= 50 parents, 55 adolescents)
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Intervention | Half of the BodyWorks families will be randomized to the intervention group, and will receive a PAT for the children, the parents, and the dogs at the beginning of the cycle; the children will respond to EMA surveys using a cell phone; the children and the parents will receive the Canine health literacy module in addition to the BW curriculum. BodyWorks Intervention: BodyWorks (BW), a Comprehensive Behavioral Family Lifestyle Interventions (CBFLI), a national, empirically validated, curriculum-based 7-week program will be implemented (Borden et al., 2012; DHHS, 2013) Canine Curriculum: Using our team's expertise in veterinary medicine, human-animal interaction, and animal behavior modification, develop an empirically-based, 7-week module on canine health and behavior. Ecological Momentary Assessment: Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMA) of physical activity will be conducted using mobile phones for 7 weeks of the BW program, prospectively collecting data on 4 days per week (Saturday to Tuesday) Physical Activity Trackers: Three types of consumer-grade wireless personal activity trackers (PATs): FitBit Inspire® designed for children 8 years of age and older; FitBit Inspire® for adults and FitBark®, wireless, global positioning systems (GPS)-based personal activity trackers for dogs. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Total number of participants in involved. Parents (n=96; 46 intervention, 50 control) and adolescents (n=106; 51 intervention, 55 control) were reported separately. |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change in Mean Physical Activity Associated With the BodyWorks + Canine Health Literacy Intervention for Parents and Adolescents | Determine the mean of the average of the first 7 days (with valid data >100 steps) and the last 7 days of the intervention for intervention and control groups as measured by the physical activity trackers. | Total parents, adolescents. I group: (12 parents, 16 adolescents); C group: (n= 11 parents, 16 adolescents). Below, the groups are parents and adolescents showed separately. These are participants with >= 7 days of valid data (>100 steps per day). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Steps per day | Baseline to 7 weeks |
|
Baseline to 7 weeks
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Parent Intervention | Half of the BodyWorks families will be randomized to the intervention group, and will receive a PAT for the children, the parents, and the dogs at the beginning of the cycle; the children will respond to EMA surveys using a cell phone; the children and the parents will receive the Canine health literacy module in addition to the BW curriculum. BodyWorks Intervention: BodyWorks (BW), a Comprehensive Behavioral Family Lifestyle Interventions (CBFLI), a national, empirically validated, curriculum-based 7-week program will be implemented (Borden et al., 2012; DHHS, 2013) Canine Curriculum: Using our team's expertise in veterinary medicine, human-animal interaction, and animal behavior modification, develop an empirically-based, 7-week module on canine health and behavior. Ecological Momentary Assessment: Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMA) of physical activity will be conducted using mobile phones for 7 weeks of the BW program, prospectively collecting data on 4 days per week (Saturday to Tuesday) (Dunton et al., 2011; Liao et al., 2016). Physical Activity Trackers: Three types of consumer-grade wireless personal activity trackers (PATs): FitBit Inspire® designed for children 8 years of age and older; FitBit Inspire® for adults (Diaz et al., 2015; Espinoza et al., 2017); and FitBark®, wireless, global positioning systems (GPS)-based personal activity trackers for dogs (Patel et al., 2017). |
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A significant portion of the study occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to recruitment challenges and difficulties promoting physical activity during lockdowns. The study was transitioned from in-person to virtual, requiring children to participate remotely.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Larry Yin | Children's Hospital Los Angeles; USC Keck School of Medicine | 3236692110 | lyin@chla.usc.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP_ICF | Yes | Yes | Yes | Study Protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan, and Informed Consent Form | Dec 8, 2022 | Dec 19, 2025 | Prot_SAP_ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D000081762 | Human-Animal Interaction |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000072860 | Ecological Momentary Assessment |
| D000072936 | Fitness Trackers |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011581 | Psychological Tests |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
| D019719 | Diagnostic Equipment |
| D004864 | Equipment and Supplies |
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| Canine Curriculum | Behavioral | Using our team's expertise in veterinary medicine, human-animal interaction, and animal behavior modification, develop an empirically-based, 7-week module on canine health and behavior. |
|
| Ecological Momentary Assessment | Behavioral | Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMA) of physical activity will be conducted using mobile phones for 7 weeks of the BW program, prospectively collecting data on 4 days per week (Saturday to Tuesday) (Dunton et al., 2011; Liao et al., 2016). |
|
| Physical Activity Trackers | Behavioral | Three types of consumer-grade wireless personal activity trackers (PATs): FitBit Inspire® designed for children 8 years of age and older; FitBit Inspire® for adults (Diaz et al., 2015; Espinoza et al., 2017); and FitBark®, wireless, global positioning systems (GPS)-based personal activity trackers for dogs (Patel et al., 2017). This approach will allow us to evaluate quantity (number of steps) and intensity of physical activity in the adolescents, their parents, and their dogs, as well as to synchronize Fitbit Ace and FitBark to establish the amount of shared physical activity of adolescents and their dogs. |
|
Acceptability will be measured by response rate on user satisfaction survey. Likert Scale -2 (strongly disagree) to 2 (strongly agree). Higher values represent higher satisfaction.
| Week 7 of intervention |
| Mean Physical Activity for Parent and Adolescent Out of Participants With Fitbit Data. | Number of steps per day | Baseline to 7 weeks |
| Did not complete 3 or more intervention sessions |
|
| BG001 | Control | Half of the BodyWorks participants will be randomized to the control group and will receive a PAT at the beginning of the cycle for the children, the parents, and the dogs, and the children will respond to EMA surveys using cell phones. BodyWorks Intervention: BodyWorks (BW), a Comprehensive Behavioral Family Lifestyle Interventions (CBFLI), a national, empirically validated, curriculum-based 7-week program will be implemented (Borden et al., 2012; DHHS, 2013) Ecological Momentary Assessment: Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMA) of physical activity will be conducted using mobile phones for 7 weeks of the BW program, prospectively collecting data on 4 days per week (Saturday to Tuesday) (Dunton et al., 2011; Liao et al., 2016). Physical Activity Trackers: Three types of consumer-grade wireless personal activity trackers (PATs): FitBit Inspire® designed for children 8 years of age and older; FitBit Inspire® for adults (Diaz et al., 2015; Espinoza et al., 2017); and FitBark®, wireless, global positioning systems (GPS)-based personal activity trackers for dogs (Patel et al., 2017). This approach will allow us to evaluate quantity (number of steps) and intensity of physical activity in the adolescents, their parents, and their dogs, as well as to synchronize Fitbit Ace and FitBark to establish the amount of shared physical activity of adolescents and their dogs. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Count of Participants |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | Total parents, adolescents. I group: (46 parents, 51 adolescents); C group: (n= 50 parents, 55 adolescents) | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Baseline characteristics are broken down by parent and adolescent. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Parents and adolescents are broken down. In the baseline, Parents and adolescents are combined. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Parents and adolescents are broken down. In the baseline, Parents and adolescents are combined. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| OG001 | Control | Half of the BodyWorks participants will be randomized to the control group and will receive a PAT at the beginning of the cycle for the children, the parents, and the dogs, and the children will respond to EMA surveys using cell phones. BodyWorks Intervention: BodyWorks (BW), a Comprehensive Behavioral Family Lifestyle Interventions (CBFLI), a national, empirically validated, curriculum-based 7-week program will be implemented (Borden et al., 2012; DHHS, 2013) Ecological Momentary Assessment: Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMA) of physical activity will be conducted using mobile phones for 7 weeks of the BW program, prospectively collecting data on 4 days per week (Saturday to Tuesday) (Dunton et al., 2011; Liao et al., 2016). Physical Activity Trackers: Three types of consumer-grade wireless personal activity trackers (PATs): FitBit Inspire® designed for children 8 years of age and older; FitBit Inspire® for adults (Diaz et al., 2015; Espinoza et al., 2017); and FitBark®, wireless, global positioning systems (GPS)-based personal activity trackers for dogs (Patel et al., 2017). This approach will allow us to evaluate quantity (number of steps) and intensity of physical activity in the adolescents, their parents, and their dogs, as well as to synchronize Fitbit Ace and FitBark to establish the amount of shared physical activity of adolescents and their dogs. |
|
|
| Primary | Change From Baseline for Adolescent Affect Variability Associated With the BodyWorks + Canine Health Literacy Intervention. | Determining the mean difference between the groups in the positive and negative affect ecological momentary assessment outcomes. | Intervention group: (51 adolescents); Control group: (n= 55 adolescents). Higher values mean higher positive or negative affect. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline to 7 weeks |
|
|
|
| Primary | Mean Number of Questions Answered for Adolescent Feasibility of Ecological Momentary Assessment | Feasibility will be determined by data completeness: Percentage of survey questions answered out of 13 possible questions. | Adolescent | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentage of survey questions | Baseline to week 7 |
|
|
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| Primary | Number of Adolescents That Responded to Physical Acceptability of Ecological Momentary Assessment | Acceptability will be measured by EMA prompt on physical activity with dog. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Week 7 of intervention |
|
|
|
| Primary | Number of Parents and Adolescents Feasibility of Use of Physical Activity Trackers. | Feasibility will be determined by data completeness: Number of adolescents and parents with meaningful data (greater than 100 steps >=7 days) out of participants with fitbit data. | Number of adolescents and parents with any fitbit data. | Posted | Number | number of participants | Baseline to 7 weeks |
|
|
|
| Primary | Mean Score of Parents and Adolescents Acceptability of Use of Physical Activity Trackers Using Likert Scale. | Acceptability will be measured by response rate on user satisfaction survey. Likert Scale -2 (strongly disagree) to 2 (strongly agree). Higher values represent higher satisfaction. | Total parents, adolescents. I group: (46 parents, 51 adolescents); C group: (n= 50 parents, 55 adolescents) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on scale -2 to 2 | Week 7 of intervention |
|
|
|
| Primary | Mean Physical Activity for Parent and Adolescent Out of Participants With Fitbit Data. | Number of steps per day | Total parents, adolescents. I group: (12 parents, 16 adolescents); C group: (n= 11 parents, 16 adolescents). Below, the groups are parents and adolescents showed separately. These are participants with >= 7 days of valid data (>100 steps per day). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Steps per day | Baseline to 7 weeks |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Body Mass Index From Baseline for Adolescent | Weight and height will be used to calculate BMI in kg/m^2 | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | kg/m^2 | Baseline to 7 weeks |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 46 |
| 0 |
| 46 |
| 0 |
| 46 |
| EG001 | Parent Control | Half of the BodyWorks participants will be randomized to the control group and will receive a PAT at the beginning of the cycle for the children, the parents, and the dogs, and the children will respond to EMA surveys using cell phones. BodyWorks Intervention: BodyWorks (BW), a Comprehensive Behavioral Family Lifestyle Interventions (CBFLI), a national, empirically validated, curriculum-based 7-week program will be implemented (Borden et al., 2012; DHHS, 2013) Ecological Momentary Assessment: Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMA) of physical activity will be conducted using mobile phones for 7 weeks of the BW program, prospectively collecting data on 4 days per week (Saturday to Tuesday) (Dunton et al., 2011; Liao et al., 2016). Physical Activity Trackers: Three types of consumer-grade wireless personal activity trackers (PATs): FitBit Inspire® designed for children 8 years of age and older; FitBit Inspire® for adults (Diaz et al., 2015; Espinoza et al., 2017); and FitBark®, wireless, global positioning systems (GPS)-based personal activity trackers for dogs (Patel et al., 2017). This approach will allow us to evaluate quantity (number of steps) and intensity of physical activity in the adolescents, their parents, and their dogs, as well as to synchronize Fitbit Ace and FitBark to establish the amount of shared physical activity of adolescents and their dogs. | 0 | 50 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 50 |
| EG002 | Adolescent Intervention | Half of the BodyWorks families will be randomized to the intervention group, and will receive a PAT for the children, the parents, and the dogs at the beginning of the cycle; the children will respond to EMA surveys using a cell phone; the children and the parents will receive the Canine health literacy module in addition to the BW curriculum. BodyWorks Intervention: BodyWorks (BW), a Comprehensive Behavioral Family Lifestyle Interventions (CBFLI), a national, empirically validated, curriculum-based 7-week program will be implemented (Borden et al., 2012; DHHS, 2013) Canine Curriculum: Using our team's expertise in veterinary medicine, human-animal interaction, and animal behavior modification, develop an empirically-based, 7-week module on canine health and behavior. Ecological Momentary Assessment: Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMA) of physical activity will be conducted using mobile phones for 7 weeks of the BW program, prospectively collecting data on 4 days per week (Saturday to Tuesday) (Dunton et al., 2011; Liao et al., 2016). Physical Activity Trackers: Three types of consumer-grade wireless personal activity trackers (PATs): FitBit Inspire® designed for children 8 years of age and older; FitBit Inspire® for adults (Diaz et al., 2015; Espinoza et al., 2017); and FitBark®, wireless, global positioning systems (GPS)-based personal activity trackers for dogs (Patel et al., 2017). | 0 | 51 | 0 | 51 | 0 | 51 |
| EG003 | Adolescent Control | Half of the BodyWorks participants will be randomized to the control group and will receive a PAT at the beginning of the cycle for the children, the parents, and the dogs, and the children will respond to EMA surveys using cell phones. BodyWorks Intervention: BodyWorks (BW), a Comprehensive Behavioral Family Lifestyle Interventions (CBFLI), a national, empirically validated, curriculum-based 7-week program will be implemented (Borden et al., 2012; DHHS, 2013) Ecological Momentary Assessment: Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMA) of physical activity will be conducted using mobile phones for 7 weeks of the BW program, prospectively collecting data on 4 days per week (Saturday to Tuesday) (Dunton et al., 2011; Liao et al., 2016). Physical Activity Trackers: Three types of consumer-grade wireless personal activity trackers (PATs): FitBit Inspire® designed for children 8 years of age and older; FitBit Inspire® for adults (Diaz et al., 2015; Espinoza et al., 2017); and FitBark®, wireless, global positioning systems (GPS)-based personal activity trackers for dogs (Patel et al., 2017). This approach will allow us to evaluate quantity (number of steps) and intensity of physical activity in the adolescents, their parents, and their dogs, as well as to synchronize Fitbit Ace and FitBark to establish the amount of shared physical activity of adolescents and their dogs. | 0 | 55 | 0 | 55 | 0 | 55 |
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| D012816 |
| Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D000076251 | Wearable Electronic Devices |
| D055615 | Electrical Equipment and Supplies |
| Between 18 and 65 years |
|
| >=65 years |
|
| Male |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Not Hispanic or Latino |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
|
| Black or African American |
|
| White |
|
| More than one race |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Asian |
|
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
|
| Black or African American |
|
| White |
|
| More than one race |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Parents with fitbit data |
|
|
| Adolescent: Likert Scale -2 (strongly disagree) to 2 (strongly agree) |
|
|
| Adolescent |
|
|