High-intensity Interval Training and Mindfulness Breathing Induce Hormonal and Metabolic Effects and Alter Tumor Marker Levels in Obese Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
High-intensity Interval Training and Mindfulness Breathing Induce Hormonal and Metabolic Effects and Alter Tumor Marker Levels in Obese Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE:
to determine the effect of interval training and mindfulness breathing on sex hormones, metabolic and tumor markers
BACKGROUND:
Cancer is one of death top causes in many countries1. In Egypt for example, cancer incidence is 157.0 per 100 000 women with probability increasing up to three-fold by 2050 especially in older adult women2. Who exhibit multiple factors leading to cancer including but not limited to physical inactivity and postmenopausal obesity which considered the starting point of developing insulin resistance3.
High blood insulin level stimulates cancer progression by enhancing cell proliferation, decreasing cells apoptosis, increased level of fatty acids in conjunction with higher tumor cell formation capacity invasion and survival4. Moreover, high level of insulin resistance and adipose tissue increase the hormonal level of estradiol and testosterone coupled with lower SHBG level.
It was noticed that being postmenopausal women with high adipose tissue content will increase the risk of having cancer in which adipose tissue is considered as the main source of steroids hormones that functioning in a different way rather than in premenopausal age. Based on the mentioned underlying conditions, postmenopausal women subjected to have variable types of cancer such as breast, endometrial, stomach, etc6.
So, regular screening of cancer incidence especially in high-risk women through tumor indicators is necessitated to work against further cancer progression. CEA and CA125 are low-cost tumor blood biomarkers used widely for early cancer identification, recurrence monitoring and follow up which linked to proinflammatory cytokines production
.
HYPOTHESES:
may have no effect to interval training and mindfulness breathing on sex hormones , metabolic and tumor markers in postmenopausal women
RESEARCH QUESTION:
Is there effect to interval training and mindfulness on sex hormones , metabolic and tumor markers in postmenopausal women?
HIIT group involved in an exercise program three times per week for three months in form of cycling protocol which will comprise 5 minutes warming up before exercise initiation and another 5 minutes for cooling down by the end of exercise session in form slow pedaling (50% of PHR). The work interval also will comprise 8-12 cycling intervals (60s cycling work interval with 120s of passive rest or low-intensity cycling (70% of PHR) between work intervals that progressively will be reduced until reaching 90s by the end of the exercise program)17. Each work interval will be maintained at a range of 50-70 rpm (cycle revolutions) with a speed between 20 and 40 km/h. Exercise intensity will be ≥ 85% of peak heart rate (PHR) according to the Karvonen formula18.
which corresponds to 8-10 points on the modified Borg scale19. The exercise will be supervised along the first week only with guidance to ensure that each participant masters the optimal exercise procedure.
The participants will be equipped with a pulse oximeter for continuous monitoring of the heart rate prior to the start, during or just after the completion of the exercise session .Also, Mindful breathing is a exercise that involves using breathing as an object of attention. 15-minute mindful breathing intervention will be adapted. It consists of the following three steps: (a) adopt a physical posture, (b) establish a mindfulness anchor, and (c) maintain mindfulness . Healthy diet instructions will be recommended for those non-dietitian obese women without following specific diet programs that could influence our results.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
• women receiving weight-reduction interventions
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