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Classic ballet dance is a demonstration of complex motor skills to be revealed in aesthetic combinations and repetitively, and it demands intensive use of the lower extremities within extreme of range of motion (ROM). Because ballet practice depends on advanced technical skills, it involves intensive physical training and causes an overload on the musculoskeletal system and foot deformities such as pes planus.
Plantar venous pump (PVP) is a network of multiple venous vessels located between the muscles of the foot arch. PVP is considered the first step of venous return and discharges into the posterior tibial vein (PTV). PVP is reported to be active during gait while it is inactive in resting position. There are different views on the mechanisms enabling its activation 1-3. The general view is that during the stance phase of the gait, the flattening of the plantar arch with weight transfer causes the veins in this region to narrow and creates a force that pumps the blood up.
The aim of this study is the investigation what kind of hemodynamic changes ballet training causes in the lower extremity
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ballerinas | Balerina students who have trained at least for 4 years |
| |
| Female students | Female students with sedentary lifestyle |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Navicular drop measurement | Other | The difference in navicular height between sitting and standing positions was recorded (mm) as the amount of navicular drop. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Evaluation of navicular drop | Navicular drop was measured in mm | Cchange from baseline navicular height in pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention/ |
| Evaluation of diameter of tibialis posterior vein in supine | Diameter of tibialis posterior vein was measured in mm | Change from baseline diameter of tibialis posterior vein during intervention |
| Evaluation of flow velocity of tibialis posterior vein in supine | Flow velocity of tibialis posterior vein was measured in cm/s | Change from baseline flow velocity of tibialis posterior vein during intervention |
| Evaluation of volume flow of tibialis posterior vein in supine | Volume flow of tibialis posterior vein was measured in ml/min | Change from baseline volume flow of tibialis posterior vein during intervention |
| Evaluation of diameter of tibialis posterior vein during weight bearing | Diameter of tibialis posterior vein was measured in mm | Change from baseline diameter of tibialis posterior during intervention |
| Evaluation of flow velocity of tibialis posterior vein during weight bearing | Flow velocity of tibialis posterior vein was measured in cm/s | Change from baseline flow velocity of tibialis posterior vein during intervention |
| Evaluation of volume flow of tibialis posterior vein during weight bearing |
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Inclusion Criteria (for balerinas):
Inclusion Criteria (for non-dancer group)
Exclusion Criteria:
ballerinas and females students with sedentary life styles
Ballerinas taking ballet training at least for 4 years and female sedentary students
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Nilüfer Kablan, PhD | Marmara University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marmara University | Istanbul | 34000 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27025449 | Result | Guss-West C, Wulf G. Attentional Focus in Classical Ballet: A Survey Of Professional Dancers. J Dance Med Sci. 2016 Mar;20(1):23-9. doi: 10.12678/1089-313X.20.1.23. | |
| 22814244 | Result | Allen N, Nevill A, Brooks J, Koutedakis Y, Wyon M. Ballet injuries: injury incidence and severity over 1 year. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Sep;42(9):781-90. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2012.3893. Epub 2012 Jul 19. |
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| Measurement of venous return parameters in supine | Other | Venous return parameters of posterior tibial vein was measured when participant applied force equivalent to their own body weight on plantar surface of their right leg in supine position |
|
| Measurement of venous return parameters in standing | Other | In standing, venous return parameters was measured of posterior tibial vein when participants shift all of their weight to the right leg for 3 second with their leg muscles as relaxed as possible and their knee joint in full extension. |
|
| measurement of midfoot pressure distrubition | Other | In standing, midfoot pressure distrubution was measured when participants shift all of their weight to the right leg |
|
Volume flow of tibialis posterior vein was measured in ml/min |
| Change from baseline volume flow of tibialis posterior vein during intervention |
| Evaluation of midfoot plantar pressure during weight bearing | Midfoot plantar pressure was measured in gr/cm2 | Change from baseline midfoot pressure during intervention |
| 6616290 | Result | Gardner AM, Fox RH. The venous pump of the human foot--preliminary report. Bristol Med Chir J. 1983 Jul;98(367):109-12. No abstract available. |
| 25832598 | Result | Kim TI, Forbang NI, Criqui MH, Allison MA. Association of foot and ankle characteristics with progression of venous disease. Vasc Med. 2015 Apr;20(2):105-11. doi: 10.1177/1358863X14568443. |
| 22687718 | Result | Pearson SJ, Whitaker AF. Footwear in classical ballet: a study of pressure distribution and related foot injury in the adolescent dancer. J Dance Med Sci. 2012;16(2):51-6. |
| 7618011 | Result | Khan K, Brown J, Way S, Vass N, Crichton K, Alexander R, Baxter A, Butler M, Wark J. Overuse injuries in classical ballet. Sports Med. 1995 May;19(5):341-57. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199519050-00004. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014689 | Venous Insufficiency |
| D020427 | Peroneal Neuropathies |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D020422 | Mononeuropathies |
| D010523 | Peripheral Nervous System Diseases |
| D009468 | Neuromuscular Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D016683 | Supine Position |
| D000078783 | Standing Position |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011187 | Posture |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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