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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| CER-2018C2-13262 | Other Grant/Funding Number | Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute | OTHER |
| University of Pittsburgh | OTHER |
| University of Arizona | OTHER |
| University of Virginia |
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This study is a randomized (1:1:1) comparative effectiveness trial of medication (zolpidem or trazodone), cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), and the combination (medication + CBT-I) for the treatment of chronic insomnia in men and women aged 18-80 living in rural areas with 1 year of follow-up. A total of 155 participants will be enrolled and randomized in the United States. This trial is funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute.
Insomnia is a common health problem that causes distress, impaired function, and increased risk for other health problems. Chronic insomnia is defined by problems with the quality or amount of sleep, including difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings, and/or awakening early and being unable to return to sleep. In developing this application, patients, providers, payors, and the investigators identified both concerns and opportunities with current treatments for chronic insomnia. Medications and Cognitive-Behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I; a treatment program to improve sleep through changes in behavior and thinking) are both effective for treating insomnia. Zolpidem, the most frequently prescribed insomnia medication, is widely available, but may cause side effects and dependency. Trazodone is increasingly prescribed off-label for treatment of insomnia, but evidence of efficacy and safety is more limited. CBT-I is the recommended first line treatment by many professional organizations, but it is not widely available in physicians' practices. Patients, providers, and payors face important unanswered questions: Which treatment should be used for the treatment of chronic insomnia? Is combination therapy more effective, and does it result in lower zolpidem use? Who responds best to which treatment? These dilemmas are particularly relevant to patients and providers in rural areas, where access to behavioral health specialists is limited, and concerns regarding use of controlled substances is particularly acute.
To address these questions, we propose the study, Comparative Effectiveness of Zolpidem/Trazodone and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Rural Adults (COZI). The investigators will use a well-tested Internet version of CBT-I, which is just as effective as in-person CBT-I, but more widely available. The aims of COZI are to: 1: Compare the effectiveness of medication preference (zolpidem or trazodone), CBT-I, and combination treatment for insomnia symptoms over 6 months. 2: Compare the effectiveness of medication preference, CBT-I, and combination treatment for other symptoms and problems, including health-related quality of life, mood, and health outcomes. 3: Compare the side effects of medication preference, CBT-I, and combination treatment. COZI will study 155 patients recruited from 7 health care systems across the country, each of which has established practices in rural areas. Patients will be treated with medication prescribed by their own physician (zolpidem or trazodone), Internet CBT-I, or a combination of the two. The investigators will evaluate treatment effects at 9 weeks, and 6 and 12 months (with limited additional assessments for adverse events and medication use at 1 and 9 months). Our study questions and design reflect early and ongoing engagement of key stakeholders including patients, providers, and payors, who are members of the Study Advisory Committee (SAC). SAC members will work with study investigators to recommend the best strategies for recruiting patients, measuring treatment effects, and disseminating study findings. The SAC will meet quarterly. Patients and other stakeholders have already provided guidance on which treatments are most worth studying, and which symptoms would best reflect the effects of treatment. Patients and other stakeholders will also be part of the Steering Committee, which is the main decision-making group for our study, and which will meet monthly. COZI will lead to answers for patients and providers addressing insomnia; improved health and function for millions of rural Americans; and sustainable changes in how insomnia is treated in rural practices.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Medication (zolpidem or trazodone) | Active Comparator | Zolpidem or trazodone, as prescribed by physician |
|
| Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) | Active Comparator | Internet-based CBT-I program |
|
| Combination | Experimental | Medication (zolpidem or trazodone) as prescribed by physician and Internet-based CBT-I program |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zolpidem | Drug | Zolpidem, as prescribed by physician |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Insomnia Symptom Severity | Change in Insomnia Severity Index score from baseline to follow-up. The Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item self-report questionnaire that measures severity of insomnia symptoms during the last two weeks. Each item is scored 0 (no problem) to 4 (very severe problem) and total between 0-28, with higher scores indicating more severe insomnia symptoms. Change is estimated mean change from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Baseline ISI, Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants With Treatment Response of Insomnia Symptoms | Treatment response defined as a ≥6 point reduction in Insomnia Severity Index score from baseline to follow-up. The Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item self-report questionnaire that measures severity of insomnia symptoms during the last two weeks. Each item is scored 0 (no problem) to 4 (very severe problem) and total between 0-28, with higher scores indicating more severe insomnia symptoms. Data presented as count of participants meeting treatment response criteria at 6 months. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Anxiety and Depression | The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) is an 8-item self-report measure for assessing depression severity. The items are summed to yield a score between 0 and 24, with higher scores indicating more frequent depression symptoms. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) Scale is a 7-item self-report measure used for screening and assessing severity of GAD. The items are summed to yield a score between 0 and 21, with higher scores indicating more severe GAD symptoms. Change is estimated mean change in mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Katie L. Stone, PhD | California Pacific Medical Center/Sutter Bay Hospitals | Principal Investigator |
| Daniel J. Buysse, MD | University of Pittsburgh | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Alabama at Birmingham | Birmingham | Alabama | 35233 | United States | ||
| University of Arizona |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Medication (Zolpidem or Trazodone) | Zolpidem or trazodone, as prescribed by physician Zolpidem: Zolpidem, as prescribed by physician Trazodone: Trazodone, as prescribed by physician |
| FG001 | Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) | Internet-based CBT-I program Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): 6-week internet CBT-I multi-component intervention (SHUTi) including sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep behaviors, and relapse prevention |
| FG002 | Combination | Medication (zolpidem or trazodone) as prescribed by physician and Internet-based CBT-I program Zolpidem: Zolpidem, as prescribed by physician Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): 6-week internet CBT-I multi-component intervention (SHUTi) including sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep behaviors, and relapse prevention Trazodone: Trazodone, as prescribed by physician |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Medication (Zolpidem or Trazodone) | Zolpidem or trazodone, as prescribed by physician Zolpidem: Zolpidem, as prescribed by physician Trazodone: Trazodone, as prescribed by physician |
| BG001 | Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change in Insomnia Symptom Severity | Change in Insomnia Severity Index score from baseline to follow-up. The Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item self-report questionnaire that measures severity of insomnia symptoms during the last two weeks. Each item is scored 0 (no problem) to 4 (very severe problem) and total between 0-28, with higher scores indicating more severe insomnia symptoms. Change is estimated mean change from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Baseline ISI, Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | change score on a scale | Baseline, 6 months |
|
12 months
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Medication (Zolpidem) | Zolpidem: Zolpidem, as prescribed by physician Medication preference for zolpidem was recorded prior to randomization by the provider and patient. Patients randomized to the medication arm were prescribed zolpidem by their provider, guided by study-wide recommendations regarding initial doses and dose adjustments, however, prescribers were allowed to use clinical judgment reflecting their usual practice. |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Somnolence | Nervous system disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palpatations | Cardiac disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Katie Stone | CPMCRI | (510) 427-4562 | katie.Stone@ucsf.edu |
Not provided
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Apr 20, 2023 | Oct 31, 2024 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007319 | Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020919 | Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic |
| D020920 | Dyssomnias |
| D012893 | Sleep Wake Disorders |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000077334 | Zolpidem |
| D014196 | Trazodone |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011725 | Pyridines |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D010879 | Piperazines |
Not provided
Not provided
| OTHER |
| University of Illinois at Chicago | OTHER |
This study is a randomized (1:1:1) comparative effectiveness trial of medication preference (zolpidem or trazodone), CBT-I, and the combination for the treatment of insomnia in 155 men and women aged 18-80 years living in rural areas.
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Masking of participants and providers is not possible given two very different treatment types. The Prime Principal Investigator and a statistician at the Data Coordinating Center will be masked to individual treatment assignment.
| Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) | Behavioral | 6-week internet CBT-I multi-component intervention (SHUTi) including sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep behaviors, and relapse prevention |
|
|
| Trazodone | Drug | Trazodone, as prescribed by physician |
|
|
| Baseline, 6 months |
| Number of Participants With Remission of Insomnia Symptoms | Remission of Insomnia symptoms defined as Insomnia Severity Index <8 at follow-up. The Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item self-report questionnaire that measures severity of insomnia symptoms during the last two weeks. Each item is scored 0 (no problem) to 4 (very severe problem) and total between 0-28, with higher scores indicating more severe insomnia symptoms. Data presented as count of participants meeting insomnia remission criteria at 6 months. | 6 months |
| Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Cognitive Function | The PROMIS Cognitive Function Short Form (8a) is an 8-item self-report measure related to executive functioning. Individual item responses range from 1 (very often) to 5 (never) and the total raw score is converted to standardized T-scores using established United States general adult population with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Higher T-scores signify better cognitive function. Estimated mean change in T-score from baseline to follow-up is reported from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. Positive change indicates improved cognitive function. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Patient-Reported Health | The PROMIS Global Health is a 10-item self-report measure that assess general health and functioning. Item responses range from 1 (excellent/none) to 5 (poor/always) and a single pain item ranges from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain). Physical and mental health sub-scores are calculated from 4 items each, and the total raw sub-scores (range: 4-20) are converted to T-scores using distributions standardized to mean 50 (SD 10) for the US general population. Higher score indicates greater health-related quality of life. The Medical Outcome Survey (SF-12) is a 12-item self-report measure of physical and mental health. The Physical Component Score (PCS) and Mental Component Score (MCS) sub-scores range 0-100; higher score indicates better health. Change is estimated mean change from baseline to follow-up in mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Fatigue | The PROMIS Fatigue instrument is a 7-item self-report measure that assesses recent fatigue and how fatigue interfered with daily activities. Scores range from 7 to 35, with higher scores indicating greater fatigue. Change is estimated mean change from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Pain Intensity and Interference | The PROMIS Pain Intensity scale is a 3-item instrument used to assess how much pain a person has. Scores range from 3-15, with higher scores indicating greater pain intensity. The PROMIS Pain Interference scale is a 6-item instrument used to assess the consequences of pain in different domains of daily life. Scores range from 6-30, with higher scores indicating greater interference. Change is estimated mean change from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is an 18-item self-report measure that assesses sleep quality in the past month. These items are combined into seven component scores (subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction). The seven component scores are added to produce a global sleep quality score ranging from 0 to 21; higher total score indicates worse sleep quality. Change is estimated mean change from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Daytime Sleepiness | The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is an 8-item self-report measure that assesses daytime sleepiness by asking about the likelihood of dozing in certain situations. Individual items are summed to yield the ESS score between 0 (never doze) to 24 (doze a lot) with higher scores indicating more sleepiness. Change is estimated mean change from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Change in Munich Chronotype | The Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) is a self-report scale to assess sleep structure, patterns, duration, and quality. The chronotype sub-score represents the mid-point time of sleep which is converted to a numeric value by adding the hour plus minutes divided by 60. Greater values indicate later chronotype. Positive change values indicate a shift to later chronotype. Change is estimated mean change from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes About Sleep | Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS) Scale is a 16-item instrument used to evaluate dysfunctional thoughts related to insomnia. Each item is scored 0-10 and the total is the average of the 16 item scores (range 0-10), with higher scores indicating greater dysfunctional beliefs about sleep. | Baseline, 6 months |
| Number of Participants With Insomnia Treatment Side Effects | Side effects (frequency, severity, impairment) are recorded via self-report adapted from the FIBSER. Scores range from 0 (no side effects; better) to 21 (worse). Side effects were analyzed if participant reported severity of greater than moderate and/or frequency greater than 50% of the time. Count of participants meeting the threshold for analysis up through the 6 month follow-up. | 1 month, 9 weeks, 6 months |
| Medication Adherence | Medication use is assessed using self-reported prescription, over-the-counter, and supplement name and frequency. Count of participants reporting zolpidem or trazodone use for sleep is recorded for adherence to the Medication and Combination treatment arms. | 1 month, 9 weeks, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months |
| Self-reported Falls | Participants self-reported number of falls including context, location, and consequences of falls. Count of participants with one or more falls up through the 6 month follow-up. | 1 month, 9 weeks, 6 months |
| Tucson |
| Arizona |
| 85721 |
| United States |
| University of Missouri | Columbia | Missouri | 65212 | United States |
| Oregon Health & Science University | Portland | Oregon | 97239 | United States |
| Penn State Hershey Medical Center | Hershey | Pennsylvania | 17033 | United States |
| University of Pittsburgh | Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | 15213 | United States |
| University of Virginia | Charlottesville | Virginia | 22908 | United States |
| Physician Decision |
|
Internet-based CBT-I program Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): 6-week internet CBT-I multi-component intervention (SHUTi) including sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep behaviors, and relapse prevention |
| BG002 | Combination | Medication (zolpidem or trazodone) as prescribed by physician and Internet-based CBT-I program Zolpidem: Zolpidem, as prescribed by physician Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): 6-week internet CBT-I multi-component intervention (SHUTi) including sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep behaviors, and relapse prevention Trazodone: Trazodone, as prescribed by physician |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | 1 participant refused to report sex. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Medication preference | Medication preference (zolpidem or trazodone) was determined by the provider and patient. Providers considered factors including patient preference and characteristics (e.g., age, medical and psychiatric history) in their choice of medication. This choice was recorded for each participant before randomization, thereby facilitating unconfounded, randomized comparisons between the three arms. If a participant was randomized to the medication or combination treatment arm, this is the medication that would be prescribed by their provider. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Insomnia Severity Index total score | The Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item self-report questionnaire that measures severity of insomnia symptoms during the last two weeks. Each item is scored 0 (no problem) to 4 (very severe problem) and the total score ranges 0 to 28, with higher scores indicating more severe insomnia symptoms. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| OG001 | Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) | Internet-based CBT-I program Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): 6-week internet CBT-I multi-component intervention (SHUTi) including sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep behaviors, and relapse prevention |
| OG002 | Combination | Medication (zolpidem or trazodone) as prescribed by physician and Internet-based CBT-I program Zolpidem: Zolpidem, as prescribed by physician Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): 6-week internet CBT-I multi-component intervention (SHUTi) including sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep behaviors, and relapse prevention Trazodone: Trazodone, as prescribed by physician |
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participants With Treatment Response of Insomnia Symptoms | Treatment response defined as a ≥6 point reduction in Insomnia Severity Index score from baseline to follow-up. The Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item self-report questionnaire that measures severity of insomnia symptoms during the last two weeks. Each item is scored 0 (no problem) to 4 (very severe problem) and total between 0-28, with higher scores indicating more severe insomnia symptoms. Data presented as count of participants meeting treatment response criteria at 6 months. | Only participants who completed the 6 months follow-up assessment were analyzed. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Baseline, 6 months |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participants With Remission of Insomnia Symptoms | Remission of Insomnia symptoms defined as Insomnia Severity Index <8 at follow-up. The Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item self-report questionnaire that measures severity of insomnia symptoms during the last two weeks. Each item is scored 0 (no problem) to 4 (very severe problem) and total between 0-28, with higher scores indicating more severe insomnia symptoms. Data presented as count of participants meeting insomnia remission criteria at 6 months. | Only participants who completed the 6 months follow-up assessment were analyzed. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 6 months |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Change in Anxiety and Depression | The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) is an 8-item self-report measure for assessing depression severity. The items are summed to yield a score between 0 and 24, with higher scores indicating more frequent depression symptoms. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) Scale is a 7-item self-report measure used for screening and assessing severity of GAD. The items are summed to yield a score between 0 and 21, with higher scores indicating more severe GAD symptoms. Change is estimated mean change in mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | change score on a scale | Baseline, 6 months |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Change in Cognitive Function | The PROMIS Cognitive Function Short Form (8a) is an 8-item self-report measure related to executive functioning. Individual item responses range from 1 (very often) to 5 (never) and the total raw score is converted to standardized T-scores using established United States general adult population with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Higher T-scores signify better cognitive function. Estimated mean change in T-score from baseline to follow-up is reported from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. Positive change indicates improved cognitive function. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | T-score | Baseline, 6 months |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Change in Patient-Reported Health | The PROMIS Global Health is a 10-item self-report measure that assess general health and functioning. Item responses range from 1 (excellent/none) to 5 (poor/always) and a single pain item ranges from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain). Physical and mental health sub-scores are calculated from 4 items each, and the total raw sub-scores (range: 4-20) are converted to T-scores using distributions standardized to mean 50 (SD 10) for the US general population. Higher score indicates greater health-related quality of life. The Medical Outcome Survey (SF-12) is a 12-item self-report measure of physical and mental health. The Physical Component Score (PCS) and Mental Component Score (MCS) sub-scores range 0-100; higher score indicates better health. Change is estimated mean change from baseline to follow-up in mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | change score on a scale | Baseline, 6 months |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Change in Fatigue | The PROMIS Fatigue instrument is a 7-item self-report measure that assesses recent fatigue and how fatigue interfered with daily activities. Scores range from 7 to 35, with higher scores indicating greater fatigue. Change is estimated mean change from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | change score on a scale | Baseline, 6 months |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Change in Pain Intensity and Interference | The PROMIS Pain Intensity scale is a 3-item instrument used to assess how much pain a person has. Scores range from 3-15, with higher scores indicating greater pain intensity. The PROMIS Pain Interference scale is a 6-item instrument used to assess the consequences of pain in different domains of daily life. Scores range from 6-30, with higher scores indicating greater interference. Change is estimated mean change from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | change score on a scale | Baseline, 6 months |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is an 18-item self-report measure that assesses sleep quality in the past month. These items are combined into seven component scores (subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction). The seven component scores are added to produce a global sleep quality score ranging from 0 to 21; higher total score indicates worse sleep quality. Change is estimated mean change from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | change score on a scale | Baseline, 6 months |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Change in Daytime Sleepiness | The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is an 8-item self-report measure that assesses daytime sleepiness by asking about the likelihood of dozing in certain situations. Individual items are summed to yield the ESS score between 0 (never doze) to 24 (doze a lot) with higher scores indicating more sleepiness. Change is estimated mean change from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | change score on a scale | Baseline, 6 months |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Change in Munich Chronotype | The Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) is a self-report scale to assess sleep structure, patterns, duration, and quality. The chronotype sub-score represents the mid-point time of sleep which is converted to a numeric value by adding the hour plus minutes divided by 60. Greater values indicate later chronotype. Positive change values indicate a shift to later chronotype. Change is estimated mean change from mixed-effects linear regression model. Fixed effects: Treatment Arm, Visit and Treatment Arm*Visit interaction. Random effects: intercept for Subject, nested within Site. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | hours | Baseline, 6 months |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes About Sleep | Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS) Scale is a 16-item instrument used to evaluate dysfunctional thoughts related to insomnia. Each item is scored 0-10 and the total is the average of the 16 item scores (range 0-10), with higher scores indicating greater dysfunctional beliefs about sleep. | 6 months mean only includes those who responded to the DBAS questions on the 6 month follow-up assessment. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, 6 months |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Number of Participants With Insomnia Treatment Side Effects | Side effects (frequency, severity, impairment) are recorded via self-report adapted from the FIBSER. Scores range from 0 (no side effects; better) to 21 (worse). Side effects were analyzed if participant reported severity of greater than moderate and/or frequency greater than 50% of the time. Count of participants meeting the threshold for analysis up through the 6 month follow-up. | Participants included if they completed the 1 month, 9 weeks or 6 month follow-up assessment. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 1 month, 9 weeks, 6 months |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Medication Adherence | Medication use is assessed using self-reported prescription, over-the-counter, and supplement name and frequency. Count of participants reporting zolpidem or trazodone use for sleep is recorded for adherence to the Medication and Combination treatment arms. | Participants included if they completed the 1 month, 9 weeks, 6 month or 12 month follow-up assessment medications questions. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 1 month, 9 weeks, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Self-reported Falls | Participants self-reported number of falls including context, location, and consequences of falls. Count of participants with one or more falls up through the 6 month follow-up. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 1 month, 9 weeks, 6 months |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 11 |
| 1 |
| 11 |
| 4 |
| 11 |
| EG001 | Medication (Trazodone) | Trazodone: Trazodone, as prescribed by physician Medication preference for trazodone was recorded prior to randomization by the provider and patient. Patients randomized to the medication arm were prescribed trazodone by their provider, guided by study-wide recommendations regarding initial doses and dose adjustments, however, prescribers were allowed to use clinical judgment reflecting their usual practice. | 0 | 38 | 0 | 38 | 10 | 38 |
| EG002 | Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) | Internet-based CBT-I program Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): 6-week internet CBT-I multi-component intervention (SHUTi) including sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep behaviors, and relapse prevention | 0 | 54 | 2 | 54 | 6 | 54 |
| EG003 | Combination (Zolpidem) | Medication (zolpidem) and Internet-based CBT-I program Zolpidem: Zolpidem, as prescribed by physician Medication preference for zolpidem was recorded prior to randomization by the provider and patient. Patients randomized to the medication arm were prescribed zolpidem by their provider, guided by study-wide recommendations regarding initial doses and dose adjustments, however, prescribers were allowed to use clinical judgment reflecting their usual practice. Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): 6-week internet CBT-I multi-component intervention (SHUTi) including sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep behaviors, and relapse prevention | 0 | 11 | 0 | 11 | 2 | 11 |
| EG004 | Combination (Trazodone) | Medication (trazodone) and Internet-based CBT-I program Trazodone: Trazodone, as prescribed by physician Medication preference for trazodone was recorded prior to randomization by the provider and patient. Patients randomized to the medication arm were prescribed trazodone by their provider, guided by study-wide recommendations regarding initial doses and dose adjustments, however, prescribers were allowed to use clinical judgment reflecting their usual practice. Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): 6-week internet CBT-I multi-component intervention (SHUTi) including sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep behaviors, and relapse prevention | 0 | 41 | 0 | 41 | 7 | 41 |
| Urinary tract infection | Infections and infestations | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Epistaxis | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Fall | Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Non-systematic Assessment | Those who self-reported two or more falls, or a fall resulting in medical care, on scheduled assessments were contacted by the study coordinator to determine causality and outcomes attributed to the event. |
|
| Arthritis | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Dizziness | Nervous system disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Headache | Nervous system disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Somnolence | Nervous system disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Confusion | Nervous system disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
Not provided
Not provided
| D001523 |
| Mental Disorders |
| D011728 |
| Pyridones |
| Male |
|
| Not Hispanic or Latino |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Asian |
|
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
|
| Black or African American |
|
| White |
|
| More than one race |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
|
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) |
|
|
| SF-12 Physical Component Score |
|
| SF-12 Mental Component Score |
|
|
| 6 months DBAS mean total score |
|
|