To assess the feasibility in diabetics in a primary care setting of screening for NAFLD and advanced fibrosis, by using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to estimate the hepatic proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) to estimate hepatic stiffness.

This is a prospective cohort study consisting of a one-time visit by diabetic patients with optional following liver biopsy. The aim of the study is to evaluate whether liver fat fraction and liver stiffness, as determined by magnetic resonance imaging, are associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease, as evaluated by coronary artery calcium scan in diabetics. During the visit, patients will undergo review of medical history, vitals (including body mass index, blood pressure), physical exam, blood work, urine collection, ECG, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including MR proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) and MR elastography, ultrasound using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging, and computed tomography (CT) scan for coronary artery calcium scoring. Blood work will be sent for labs relevant to traits of metabolic syndrome including markers for diabetes (hemoglobin A1C, fasting glucose) and hyperlipidemia (lipid panel). Serum, plasma and whole blood will be stored for future studies. Results from history, physical exam, and radiographic imaging will be analyzed and if they indicate the presence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, patients will be offered an optional liver biopsy for further assessment. All patients will be invited to continue in the study and have follow-up visits every two years for a total duration of the study of 5 years.

Inclusion criteria:

• Adults, age 21 or above, with diagnosis of T2DM according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) clinical practice recommendations.

• T2DM is defined according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) clinical practice recommendations if one of the following criteria is met:

  • Diabetes symptoms (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, increased fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision) exist and casual plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) OR
  • Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l); OR
  • Plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (25).

• If any of these test results occur, testing should be repeated on a different day to confirm the diagnosis. OR

  • hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) ≥6.5% (26).

• The subject is fully informed and willing and able to perform all the procedures specified in the protocol and signed a written informed consent to participate

Exclusion criteria:

• Documented history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as acute coronary syndrome (ST elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, unstable angina), stable angina, history of angioplasty or stent placement, cerebrovascular disease (ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke), and peripheral vascular disease.

• History of congestive heart failure

• Evidence of other causes of chronic liver disease

  • Hepatitis B as defined as presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
  • Previous or current infection with Hepatitis C as defined by presence of hepatitis C virus Ab in serum (anti-HCV Ab).
  • Autoimmune hepatitis as defined by anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) of 1:160 or greater and liver histology consistent with autoimmune hepatitis or previous response to immunosuppressive therapy.
  • Autoimmune cholestatic liver disorders as defined by elevation of alkaline phosphatase and anti-mitochondrial antibody of greater than 1:80 or liver histology consistent with primary biliary cirrhosis or elevation of alkaline phosphatase and liver histology consistent with sclerosing cholangitis.
  • Wilson disease as defined by ceruloplasmin below the limits of normal and liver histology consistent with Wilson disease.
  • Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency as defined by alpha-1-antitrypsin level less than normal and liver histology consistent with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.
  • Hemochromatosis as defined by presence of 3+ or 4+ stainable iron on liver biopsy and homozygosity for C282Y or compound heterozygosity for C282Y/H63D.
  • Drug-induced liver disease as defined on the basis of typical exposure and history.
  • Bile duct obstruction as shown by imaging studies.

• History of gastrointestinal bypass surgery or ingestion of medications known to produce steatosis, such as corticosteroids, high-dose estrogen, tamoxifen, methotrexate, amiodarone or tetracycline in the previous 6 months.

• Evidence of cirrhosis or previously known cirrhosis based on the results from previous liver biopsy or history of portal hypertension presented by ascites, hepatic encephalopathy or varices

• Absence of regular and/or excessive use of alcohol(defined as >30g/day for males and >15g/day for females) for a period longer than 2 years at any times in the last 10 years

• Serum creatinine> 1.5 mg/dL

• The subject is a pregnant or nursing female

• Contraindications to computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):

  • The subject has any contraindication to MR imaging, such as patients with cardiac pacemaker or defibrillator, neurostimulator, intravascular stents, coils, valves, surgical clips, implanted electronic infusion pump, ferromagnetic foreign body or other conditions that would preclude proximity to a strong magnetic field.
  • The subject has a history of extreme claustrophobia.
  • The subject cannot fit inside the MRI or CT machine

Adults, age 21 or above, with diagnosis of T2DM according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) clinical practice recommendations.