In 2016, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) published its first-ever recommendations for integrating medical and psychosocial care for patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus (DMII) and common mental and behavioral health (MH/BH) problems. In the United States, 30 million people live with DMII, and the majority receive care in primary care settings. By implementing the ADA recommendations, primary care practices will help patients better manage their MH/BH needs, meet recommended goals for DMII management, and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. Making these recommendations a routine part of practice is a major change, and it is critical to understand how best to implement the ADA recommendations and test its effectiveness in the real world. The pilot study builds on a series of prior studies to refine and pilot test a package of implementation strategies - called INTEGRATE-D - to support practices in implementing the ADA recommendations for integrated DMII care. INTEGRATE-D combines the following evidence-based implementation strategies: (1) electronic health record (EHR)-based support - to help align EHR use with ADA recommendations and enable screening for depression, anxiety, diabetes distress, cognitive impairment, and self-management, and support identifying and tracking progress on patient treatments and goals; (2) Audit and feedback - which involves assisting practices in accessing clinically relevant, actionable data reports to inform measurement and identification of care gaps in DMII and behavioral health care; (3) Skill-building resources - including training on ADA-recommended care; and (4) Facilitation - to help implement the above strategies and tailor the intervention so that practice work on the subset of areas where practices are ready to change to align care with ADA recommendations. The study aims are Aim 1: Refine the INTEGRATE-D intervention by incorporating the preferences of stakeholders. In partnership with patients, primary care key stakeholders and experts, compile and refine the package of implementation strategies in the INTEGRATE-D intervention. Aim 2: Demonstrate feasibility, acceptability, and estimate cost. Conduct a mixed-method, pre-post pilot comparing two practices that receive the INTEGRATE-D intervention to two control practices that receive training materials only.

The INTEGRATE-D intervention is designed to support primary care practices with implementing ADA recommendations for integrating medical and psychosocial care for patients with DMII. Primary care practices will be the recipients of this support. For practices, the intervention will be 15 months long. The first three months will be a "Readiness Phase" where the study team assesses practices' capacity at baseline and a facilitator works with intervention practices to address capacity issues (e.g., help the practice produce a quality report) that can be barriers during active implementation. Then, intervention practices receive 12 months of "Active Intervention" with the same facilitator to align care processes with ADA recommendations. Pilot study design: The study team will use a randomized, mixed-method, pre-post design for this pilot study. The goal of this randomized pilot design is to evaluate the feasibility of recruitment, randomization, retention, assessment procedures, implementation of the INTEGRATE-D intervention, and provide insights into the effect of this pilot intervention on practice-level outcomes. Practice Sample and eligibility criteria: The sample for this pilot is four primary care practices. Practices with more than 100 adult patients (≥18 years) with a diagnosis of DM (Type II; not gestational) are eligible. Practice Recruitment: Practices will be recruited from the ORPRN practice-based research network. ORPRN works with 279 primary care practices in the state of Oregon, including 51% that are rural and 42% clinician-owned practices. ORPRN recruiters will identify 50 potential practices and conduct a faxback to assess interest, capacity, and eligibility. Of interested practices, ORPRN and the study team will select 4 practices (2 rural and 2 non-rural) that vary on whether practices employ a behavioral health clinician. The study team will purposefully vary practices on these characteristics based on previous work that demonstrated they influenced intervention uptake. Patient Sample: The study team will have three different patient samples. For chart audits, there will be two samples. (1) Patients with a diagnosis of DMII who have been seen at least once at the practice in the 15 months prior to the intervention start date and at least once after the intervention start date will be included in the chart audit. The study team will randomly select 50 patients meeting these criteria. (2) Patients meeting the above criteria and screening positive for depression (i.e., those patients who have minimally exposed to the INTEGRATE-D intervention will also be randomly selected for chart audit. The study team will audit charts until there is a sample of 30 patients meeting these criteria. (3) From this latter group, the study team will select 5 patients at each of the two intervention practices to participate in an interview. Randomization Procedure: Practices will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio through a covariate-constrained randomization procedure. This is accomplished as follows. Prior to randomization, the study team will collect baseline data on practice-level factors (e.g., practice size, ownership, rurality, patient panel demographics, etc.) that could influence process and outcome measures. These data will be collected as part of the recruitment process. The study team will construct all possible combinations of eligible practices into two groups. For each selected possible randomization, the study team will compare the balance between study arms in the important baseline data described above through a balance criterion. The study team will randomly select one randomization combination (from the 2 combinations with the best balance) which will yield 2 practices in each study arm with good balance in important covariates. Data Collection: For this pilot study, the study team will collect mixed methods (survey, observation, interview, and chart audit) data. For control practices, data collection will include the collection of survey and chart audit data. These data will be collected at the same time as data collected from intervention practices. Intervention practices, in addition to completing surveys and participating in the chart audit, will participate in practice site visits, which include the study team observing the practice and how it delivers care and interviewing a varied group of practice members, including those that participated in implementing the intervention. These visits will happen before and after the intervention. In addition, during the implementation of INTEGRATE-D, the study team will conduct monthly telephone calls with a key informant at the intervention practices. Measures: The study team will measure practice capacity for quality improvement using the Change Process Capability Questionnaire (survey). The study team will measure changes in care processes, as follows: for depression - screening for depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, rates of referral to behavioral health when patients screen positive on the PHQ-9; for diabetes - the study team will use a composite measure of DMII process of clinical care (e.g., screening for HbA1c, eye, and foot exams) and assess discussion of and engagement in self-management activities (e.g., healthy eating, physical activity). The study team will measure outcome change as a change in PHQ-9 and HbA1c. All process and outcome measures will all be collected via chart audit. The study team will measure feasibility and acceptability, perceived and actual, of INTEGRATE-D using observation, semi-structured interviews, survey, and facilitator tracking data. Surveys will use validated acceptability and feasibility measures. Statistical power: As this is a pilot study, it is not meant to have the sample size needed to test for statistical significance. Rather, this pilot is designed to show the promise of the INTEGRATE-D intervention and provide the data need to do accurate power calculations for the larger, subsequent pragmatic trial. Data Analysis. Qualitative analysis will follow a rigorous process whereby a team of experienced qualitative researchers will identify emerging patterns or findings, and then analyze data again to solidify these patterns into a coherent set of findings. Quantitative analyses will use standard descriptive statistical methods and the study team will utilize Generalized Linear Mixed Models to compare the effect of INTEGRATE-D intervention on process outcome measures in the context of a cluster-randomized design.

Inclusion Criteria

In order for patients to become eligible, their primary care practice must meet the following inclusion criteria:

• Primary care practices are affiliated with the Oregon Rural Practice-Based Network (ORPRN), at time of recruitment.
• Primary care practices must be located in Oregon.
• Primary care practices have more than 100 adult patients aged 18 years or older with an electronic health record-based diagnosis of Type II Diabetes Melitus (DMII).

Once the criteria for a primary care practice is satisfied, the inclusion criteria for DMII patients includes the following:

• Patients are 18 years of age or older.
• Patients have an electronic health record-based diagnosis of DMII.
• Patients were seen by an ORPRN practice at least once in the 15 months prior to the start of intervention and once during the intervention.

Exclusion Criteria

Primary care practices that do not meet the inclusion criteria established are not eligible for the pilot study.

Two years and four months (March 01, 2020 to July 01, 2022)

Clinicians would inform our team if there was an adverse event.